Microbiology Microbe Classification

These flashcards cover introductory microbiology concepts, historical figures, microscopy types, and the classification of microbes including Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya as presented in the lecture notes.

Microorganism (Microbe)

An organism that individually is too small to see with the naked eye.

Colony

An isolated clump of cells made by cell division that can be seen with the naked eye.

Lawn

Microbial colonies grown together into a large mass.

Micrometer ($\mu m$)

The size range (also known as microns) typically viewed with a light microscope at $1000\times$ magnification.

Nanometer ($nm$)

The size range typically viewed with an electron microscope at $100,000\times$ magnification.

Transmission electron microscope (TEM)

A type of microscope used to study internal cell structure.

Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

A type of microscope used to study the architecture of cell surfaces.

Pathogens

Microbes that cause disease.

Antibiotics

Natural products of fungi and bacteria that kill bacteria.

Bioremediation

The use of microbes to clean up waste and pollution.

Normal flora

Microbes that aid in digestion and produce vitamins.

Robert Hooke (1665)

Scientist who reported the first microscope and coined the word "cell."

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1673)

Scientist who performed the first microscopy of bacteria and identified 3 major morphologies.

Pasteurization

The 1st aseptic technique developed by Louis Pasteur (1857) to remove spoilage microorganisms from wine.

Spontaneous generation

The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter.

Biogenesis

The hypothesis that living organisms arise from living matter.

Koch's postulates

A series of steps developed by Robert Koch in 1876 to directly link a specific microbe to a specific disease.

Pure culture

A culture containing a single kind of microbe, developed using techniques by Robert Koch in 1881.

Ehrlich (1910)

Developed the 1st synthetic anti-microbial drug to treat syphilis.

Alexander Fleming (1928)

Discovered the first antibiotic, Penicillin, in Penicillium fungus.

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

A technique invented by Kary Mullis in 1983 for fast amplification of DNA to improve forensics and disease diagnosis.

Clone

A genetically identical population made by asexual reproduction.

Strain

Each genetically different population of the same species, such as E.coli K12 versus E.coli O157:H7.

Binomial System

Scientific naming system using Genus (capitalized and italics) and species (lowercase and italics).

Three Domain System

A taxonomy system developed by Carl Woese in 1978 consisting of Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea.

Pseudomurein

The substance found in the cell walls of organisms in the Domain Archaea.

Peptidoglycan

The substance found in the cell walls of organisms in the Domain Bacteria.

Cyanobacteria

Blue-green "algae" phylum of bacteria that performs oxygenic photosynthesis.

70S Ribosomes

Small size ribosomes used to make proteins in prokaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.

80S Ribosomes

Larger size ribosomes used by eukaryotic cells to make proteins in the cytoplasm.

Endosymbiotic Theory

Theory presented by Lynn Margulis explaining that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from bacteria ancestors through endocytosis.