Jasper Test (April 2026)

Test Friday

What is impressment?

The illegal seizing of American ships and sailors; American sailors were kidnapped and forced into British servitude.

Why did the British practice American impressment?

They needed naval ships and sailors to fight France in the Napoleonic Wars, and to maintain their maritime dominance.

Who was the leader of the War Hawks?

Henry Clay

Who was Henry Clay?

• The leader of the War Hawks as well as a representative from Kentucky

• Speaker of the House in 1811 where he spoke out against the British to defend national honor.

• Negotiator in Ghent, Belgium in Treaty of Ghent.

What were the 2 main reasons the War Hawks supported war?

• They wanted to defends the national honor

• They wanted to stop British support for Native Americans resistance on American soil.

What were the Orders in Council?

• An order declared by GB that said that America couldn’t trade with France.

• GB also forced American ships to pay a tax and obtain a British license before trading with France and other European nations.

• They were a part of economic warfare against France as they aimed to destroy Napoleon’s Continental System

• Repealed in 1812 before U.S (Congress) declared war on June 18, 1812.

  • Damaged trade so the order were repealed on June 16, 1812

Who was Tecumseh?

• Tecumseh was a Native American that allied with the British and opposed the westward expansion of the Americans.

  • He had a militant response at the Battle of Tippecanoe when America overtook a native settlement at Prophetstown

  • He organized a league of Native Americans to resist U.S westwards expansion

• The Americans believed that the British were supplying Tecumseh with weapons to stop American expansion (which turned out to be true)

• Greatly helped in the Battle of Detroit (1812); strong ally of the British

Who was the Prophet? (Tenskwatawa)

• Tecumseh’s brother

• Named the Prophet due to his religious teachings.

• He believed that the Native Americans should shy away from the practices of Americans such as drinking and buying manufactured goods.

Who was William Henry Harrison?

• He was responsible for overtaking a native settlement in Prophetstown (Battle of Tippecanoe) in Nov 1811.

• Became 9th President in 1840 but died 40 days later.

• He holds the record for the longest inaugural address in American history.

• Served as President for the shortest amount of time in American history.

Why did the Invasion of Canada not go according to plan?

• America had little money and Britain collected 40 times more in tax revenue than the U.S.

• Many American army men were incompetent: lazy, ignorant, alcoholics.

• Americans believed that British Canadians would be glad to join the U.S but they were loyal and satisfied with the British.

• America did not have enough ships to fight the Royal Navy

  • 1,000 British ships vs. 17 American ships

• The British in Canada along with Native Americans captured Detroit, Michigan and forced General William Hull’s surrender of Detroit before reaching Canada.

• Bad strategy/land route due to American army wanting to avoid any confrontation with Federalists.

Invasion of Canada Procedure:

• Invade Canada to end British support for Native American resistance on American soil

  • Native Americans had sided with British because…

    • The Americans had not treated them well previously, especially after/during the Lewis and Clark expedition.

    • The British offered them peace treaties

    • The British had not tried to take Native American land.

  • The U.S planned 3 invasion forces for Canada with James Madison (served from 1809-1817) as Commander in Chief.

What was the Embargo Act of 1807?

• Act passed to punish Britain for impressment and its blockade of France (from the Orders of Council) during the Napoleonic Wars.

• America refused to trade with European countries to remind both France and Britain that the U.S wanted to stay neutral.

Why did the Embargo Act fail?

• Britain and France were to busy fighting in the Napoleonic Wars to pay attention to the Embargo.

  • Impressment continued since GB needed to strengthen their navy to defeat Napoleon.

• It weakened the American economy by increasing unemployment and decreased imports and exports.

  • Did more harm than good.

• American had started to manufacture their own commerce and goods which went against Jefferson’s and Madison’s agrarian or solely agricultural beliefs.

What was the Non-intercourse Act of 1809?

• America agreed to trade with other European nations excluding GB and France and their allies.

• Aimed to stop illegal seizing of Americans by France and Britian.

• Further weakened the American economy as many manufactured goods were French and British goods.

• Replaced the failed Embargo Act of 1807.

• Pushed for respect of American neutrality.

Chesapeake vs. Leopard (1807)

• The British Ship “Leopard” attacked the USS Chesapeake off of Virginia’s coast.

• Significant because…

  • It led to the Embargo Act of 1807

  • Created further tensions between the American people and the British.

  • Impressment of American ships and sailors continued

• British were trying to pick up American-British deserters to help them in the Napoleonic Wars.

What was USS Constitution: Old Ironsides? (Aug 1812)

• An American warship where British cannonballs bounced off of its sides, granting it the name “Old Ironsides”.

• The American public reacted with patriotism and the encounter was a symbol of American strength.

• Showed that Americans were capable and it boosted morale.

Burning of Washington (Aug 1814)

• After Britain defeated Napoleon in the Napoleonic Wars, Great Britain decided to burn everything that was in their way.

• A tornado had put out the fire and forced the British to retreat.

• Retaliation from when the Americans had tried to invade Canada in 1813.

• Dolley Madison had saved a portrait of George Washington out of the flames.

What was the significance of Fort McHenry?

• Fort withstood 25 hours of British bombardment

• Inspired the famous poem, “The Star Spangled Banner” by Francis Scott Key

  • Became the national anthem in 1931 (originally drinking song)

• This event was important because the fort protected the major port city of Baltimore (protected trade).

• Boosted morale

Who won the war of 1812 according to the Treaty of Ghent?

Neither side won in the war of 1812. They both agreed to go back to how everything was before the war

What does status quo ante bellum mean?

The state existing before the war

Did the treaty of Ghent address impressment?

Treaty of Ghent Significance:

• It restored territorial boundaries and naval/maritime rights without addressing impressment

• Some Americans did not yet hear of the treaty, which led to The Battle of New Orleans

Why did the New England Federalist meet in secret at the Hartford Convention (Dec. 1814-1815)?

• They discussed…

  1. New England leaving the U.S (secession).

  2. Limiting the power of the federal government

  3. Amending the Constitution

  4. Opposing the war (claiming America wouldn’t win)

• Wanted to avoid backlash for their beliefs and did not wanted to be accused of treason.

• After the Treaty of Ghent and the victory at the Battle of New Orleans, Americans felt as if they won and Federalists were seen as traitors.

Why did the Treaty of Ghent lead to the downfall of the Federalist party?

• Their complaints of the war fell empty or seemed treasonous due to the Treaty of Ghent, coupled with victory at New Orleans.

• They were viewed as traitors and they suffered from a loss of credibility soon after.

  • Many Federalists became “Whigs” or retired from politics.

• They lost popularity, influence and support.

  • They were seen as out of touch with the modern politics and against the best interest of the nation.

Who led the American troops in the Battle of New Orleans?

Andrew Jackson

Why was the American victory at New Orleans ironic?

• The Treaty of Ghent had already been signed before the battle started,

  • The victory was irrelevant since the peace treaty had already been signed in Ghent, Belgium. (didn’t change the outcome of the war)

Significance of Battle of New Orleans

• 4,000 Americans vs. 10,000 British

• Increased sense of unity, boosted morale, and proved that America could once again defeat the British.

• Allowed for further westward expansion since the alliance between the Native Americans and the British had weakened.

• Jackson led one of the most diversified army ever

  • Jackson became a war hero after the war due to his military tactics

    • Nicknamed “Old Hickory”

• Britain’s 3-front plan was too complicated and they ended up being stuck between waters.

Why did nationalism arise after the war?

• Americans saw themselves as winner of the war, despite the Treaty of Ghent stating that neither side won.

• America saw itself as a player on the world stage as they defeated the most powerful empire in the world.

• Americans also learned to strengthen the department of defense.

• The war proved that Americans could exist under a Republican Constitution.

• “Manifest Destiny” was being proven due to further westward expansion

• A New Republic/New Age had arose

Why was the Era of Good Feelings named as such? (1816-1824)

• A time period of little political contest due to the Federalist party almost completely disappearing

• James Monroe (presidency: 1817-1825) chose both Federalists and Republicans to be part of his cabinet to avoid political divide.

Why was the War of 1812 bizarre/significant?

• Started in 1811 (misnomer)

• Known as a forgotten war because everything went back to the way it was (status quo ante bellum)

• Star-Spangled Banner (national anthem in 1931) arose in Fort McHenry in Baltimore

• Known as Madison’s war as he was seen as a war hero

What are examples of patriotism after the war of 1812?

• Individualism arose (everyone could co-exist, no matter how different)

• Manifest Destiny

  • Due to the weakened coalition of the Native American and British, westward expansion was furthered.

  • Americans saw themselves saw them as winners of the war, boosting morale, increasing sense of unity,

  • America saw themselves as a player on the world stage. ADD MORE

Who were the two candidates in the Election of 1800/Revolution of 1800?

Thomas Jefferson and John Adams

Election of 1800

• Adams vs. Jefferson

• 3/5 rule boosted electoral votes in the South

• Both parties changed state election votes to benefit their campaign

• Jefferson won with 73 to 65 victory in the electoral college

• Republican voters gave 73 votes to Aaron Burr

  • Tie between Burr of NY (democratic republican) and Jefferson of VA (democratic republican)

• The House of Representatives had to choose between candidates.

• Federalists blocked Jefferson’s election by spreading rumors that he was going to use military force to put himself in office

• Hamilton (federalist) had pushed for Jefferson to win the election since he saw Burr as a tyrant.

How tall was James Madison?

5 foot 4

Revolution of 1800 significance

• First peaceful transfer of power from Federalist to Democratic Republicans.

• First tie in the electoral college and first rematch.

• Led to the 12th amendment which stated Presidents and their Vice Presidents had to run together. (1804)

Which 2 people were sent to buy the New Orleans port and eventually the whole Louisiana Purchase and to create an alliance with GB?

Robert Livingston and James Monroe

How many acres was the Louisiana Purchase?

828,000 acres

How much did Jefferson tell Livingston and Monroe to buy the New Orleans port and Florida for and how much did they actually pay?

• Jefferson told them to acquire the land for 10 million or less

• They bought the Louisiana Purchase for 15 million.

Who did Spain give up the Louisiana Territory to in 1800?

France

Who was France’s primary leader and military power

Napoelon Bonaparte

What island/region was Napoleon trying to settle his army in?

Santo Domingo

Why couldn’t Napoleon Bonaparte conquer Santo Domingo?

• Toussaint L’Overture (General of Santo Domingo) and his army of Haitians

• Napoleon’s army fell sick due to yellow fever.

Why was America fearful of the French conquering New Orleans?

• If the French got ahold of New Orleans, the Americans feared that trade would be prohibited from New Orleans.

  • Spain had stopped trade out of New Orleans previously.

• They also feared that they would soon surrender to the British if France got ahold of New Orleans.

Why did Napoleon decide to give up ownership of the Louisiana Territory?

His army was struggling in Santo Domingo and he needed funds to support them.

How much did Napoleon sell the Louisiana Territory for in 1803?

$15 million

Why did the Louisiana Purchase seem out of the ordinary for Jefferson to abide?

Jefferson pushed for a strict interpretation of the Const, but the Const. didn’t say anything about acquiring new land.

• The increase in land had recieved praise from the American people and it benefited the nation.

Significance of Louisiana Purchase?

• Established U.S as a stronger power

• Removed French threat

• Secured Mississippi River and the Port of New Orleans

• Doubled the size of the U.S

• Supported an agrarian country

What was the right of deposit? (1795)

Allowed American merchants to store goods in New Orleans (and other areas also controlled by Spain at the time) without any requirements.

What party opposed the Louisiana Purchase and why?

The Federalists because they wanted closer ties to Britain instead if Napoleon and argued its constitutionality.

When and where was the Louisiana Purchase treaty signed?

April 1803 in Paris, France

Who secured the right of deposit?

Charles Pinckney

What were the Imperial Decrees?

• Acts passed by France stating that Americans had to pay a tax to the French whenever trading them

• America was not allowed to trade with GB.

• France could continue impressment on any ships that did not follow the decrees.

Who were the two candidates in the election of 1804?

Charles Pinckney and Thomas Jefferson (2nd term)

Election of 1804:

• Jefferson vs. Pinckney

• Burr had tried to sabotage the election

• Burr’s plotting caused a lack of confidence in the Republican party and they didn’t vote for him.

  • Instead voted for George Clinton

• Federalist party nominated Rufus King and Pinckney but they only won over two states.

• Jefferson won with 16 electoral college votes

Where did the “Era of Good Feelings” come from? (in terms of its name)

a boston newspaper

Election of 1804 Significance:

• U.S had expanded, paid off debts, and stayed out of war and in 1804 Jefferson inherited this peacetime.

• Burr’s loss was a pushing factor for the duel of Burr vs. Hamilton bc he blamed Hamilton for supporting Jefferson in the election of 1800.

• First election w/ the 12th amendment in place

What are other names for the war of 1812?

• Madison’s war

• Second War for Independence

  • Americans grew more patriotic as impressment was ended, trade was free, territorial boundaries were finalized and nationalism increased.

• The Forgotten War

  • Overshadowed by the Napoleonic Wars

  • No major territorial growth

  • No actual winner according to the Treaty of Ghent

When was Jefferson’s first Inauguration date?

March 4, 1801

Who did Adams appoint on his last day in office?

William Marbury (Federalist judge/Justice of the Peace)

Why was Marbury not actually in the judiciary?

Marbury;s commission had to be delivered before midnight to him in Washington D.C.

What did Marbury do after his commision was not delivered?

• He petitioned for the Secretary of State, James Madison to deliver his commission but he refused because Marbury was a federalist.

  • Thomas Jefferson had told him not to in order to prevent the SC being overrun by Federalists.

  • John Marshall: Adams’ secretary of state and the one that was supposed to deliver Marbury’s commission.

• He petitioned to SCOTUS for a writ of mandamus

What is a writ of mandamus?

An order from a higher court demanding that an action take place

What was the Judiciary Act of 1801?

A federalist sponsored act that…

1. Wanted to decrease the number of SC judges from 6 to 5 to wane out republican population.

2. create 16 new federal judgeships

3. Made trips shorter fro SC judges

Why are they called midnight judges?

Because their commissions had to be delivered before midnight but John Marshall had run out of time to deliver them before midnight.

When was Adams’ last day in office?

March 3, 1801

Marbury vs. Madison Significance

• Marbury sued Madison in the SC

  • The SC said that Madison’s refusal was illegal but did not force him to deliver the commission.

• Established Judicial Review: SC can declare acts of the legislature unconstitutional; put the judiciary on equal footing as Executive and legislative branch.

Who were the candidates in the election of 1808?

Madison vs. Pinckney

Why didn’t Jefferson run a third term?

Because his second term didn’t go as smoothly as he had hoped due to the Embargo Act of 1807

Who won the election of 1808?

James Madison as President won w/ 122 electoral votes and George Clinton as Vice President, although he did not want to run. Pinckney and King lost w/ 47 electoral votes

Which candidates did the Federalists nominate in the election of 1808?

Charles Pinckney and Rufus King

Why is the election of 1808 unique?

• It is one of the 2 times in American history where a new president would be elected but the VP would continue to stay in office

• Only around 5% of the population actually voted

How many people were in the running for VP or President in 1808?

4 people: James Madison, George Clinton, Charles Pinckney and John Langdon

Who was Sacagawea?

• A 16 year old girl that helped Lewis and Clark on their expedition thru communication w'/ the Natives to buy horses.

• She also showed Lewis and Clark how to forge for wild artichokes.

• She rescued many of their scientific tools after a storm had capsized one of their boats.

Why was the Lewis and Clark Expedition initiated?

• Louisiana had not yet been explored and had an unclear west boundary.

• Jefferson was ok w/ the mountains west of the Mississippi River.

• Unclear locations of mountains

• Jefferson had not been more than 50 miles west of his house.

What were Jefferson’s plans and goals for the L and C Expedition?

• Make alliances w/ the Native Americans

• Obtain measurements if latitude and longitude info.

• Gather info about Native Americans

• Learn about botany, climate, animals, and volcanoes.

Who did Jefferson pick as the leader for the expedition?

Merriweather Lewis

Where did Jefferson send Lewis first for a “crash course”?

Philadelphia

What did Jefferson stress about the expedition?

The commercial possibilities of the newly discovered land.

Where did the L and C Expedition start?

Started in St. Louis, Missouri in May 1804 and they followed the Missouri River, then Snake River, then Columbia River.

Who did Lewis and Clark encounter in North Dakota?

Toussaint Charbonneau: a French-Canadian fur trader that served as a guide and interpreter hired by Lewis and Clark

• Sacagawea’s husband

Who did Sacagawea travel with?

Her baby and her husband Toussaint Charbonneau

• Showed Native American peace and unity w/ the Americans

When did Lewis and Clark retain St. Louis?

November 1805

The Lewis and Clark Expedition Significance

• Discovered more than 300 miles of mountains separating the Missouri from the Columbia River.

• Many tall tales about the Indians were made up

• The Northwest Passage was proven to be real ( a sea route connecting the Atlantic to the Pacific)

How long was the Lewis and Clark Expedition?

2 years (1804-1806)

What was another name for the Lewis and Clark Expedition?

The Corps of Discovery Expedition

What were examples of patriotism after the war of 1812?

• A rise in individualism after Jackson led one of the most diversified armies yet

• Manifest Destiny (from sea to shining sea)

• Americans saw themselves as winners of the war

• They upgraded their department of defense.

• The war proved that Americans had the will and ability to defeat greater powers

• Put America on the stage as a world player

• Americans praised Jackson for being a war hero

• The war proved that Americans could exist under a Republican Const.

  • A New Republic in America

Who was the last Federalist candidate?

Rufus King