ACM 2 Lecture Final

Tablet

-Powdered drug compressed into discs

-often scored

Enteric-coated tablet

-Special covering over powdered drug that protects it from acids in the stomach (prevents tablet from dissolving until gets to small intestine)

-shoud not be broken into smaller pieces

Molded "tablets"

Powered drug is mixed with a sugar and a flavoring; makes the tablet soft

Capsules

-Powerded drug inside gelatin capsules

-cannot be broken into smaller doses

Sustained release

Designed to slowly relaxes drug over extended period of time

Caplets

-powdered drug compressed into the shape of a capsule

-often scored

Suppositories

Placed into the rectum where they slowly dissolve - absorbed across intestinal membrane into bloodstream

Other dosage forms

Transdermal (liquid/semi-liquid, patches)

Liquids (oral)

Solution

Drug dissolved in a liquid - does not settle out or preipitate

Suspensions

Drug particles "suspended" but not dissolved in liquid

Emulsions

2 liquids incapable of mixing are dispersed throughout the other small droplets

Syrups

Drug dissolved in water and sugar - used to cover unpleasant taste

Elixirs

Drug dissolved in sweetened alcohol

- used for drugs that don't dissolve in water

- don't dilute with water

Tinctures

Drug dissolved in alcohol

Liniments

Drug in oil or alcohol base that is rubbed into the skin

Lotions

Drug in suspension or solution - dabbed or dripped onto skin without friction

Ointments

Semisolid topical application used on skin and eyes

Creams

Drug mixed with oil and water (water evaporates leaving drug and oil)

Pastes

Keep form at body temp

Commonly put in large plastic syringes

Parenteral drugs

By route other than GI tract (administered with a needle and syringe)

Ex: IV, IM, SQ, aqueous solution or emulsion

No parental drugs

Through GI tract

IM

-relatively rapid onset of action

-longer duration of activity than IV

-can be aqueous solutions or suspensions

repository (depot) preparation

a drug injected with a substance that delays absorption

IV

-rapid onset of action

-higher initial body levels of drug

-shorter duration of activity

Dose

Amount of drug administered at one time

Dose interval

Time interval between separate drug doses

Behavior

An internal or external change (stimulus) that exceeds a threshold

Ethology

study of animal behavior

Common behavior problems in companion animals

-aggression

-household damage

-house soiling

What do cats scratch?

-mark territory

-stretch muscles and tendons

-remove worn outer sheaths from claws

T/F dog aggression is most commonly towards people, especially children

True

T/F: cat aggression is most commonly towards other cats

True

Prevention of aggressive behaviors

-puppy test

-castration

-socialization

General anesthesia controls what part of the pain pathway

Perception

Pain

Unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

-classified as peripheral, neuropathic, clinical or idiopathic

Pain pathway

Transduction -> transmission -> modulation -> perception

How to monitor anesthetic depth

Subjective based on muscle tone, ocular reflexes, heart and respiratory rates, blood pressure

- not a steady state; altered by surgical stimulation

Types of catheters

-wings infusion needles (butterfly catheters)

-over-the-needle

-through-the-needle

Intraosseous

Medication and fluids into the bone; rapid absorption

intraperitoneal

Medications and fluids into the peritoneal space; least desirable route

3 most common types of allergies

1. Atopy

2 flea allergic dermatitis

3. Adverse food reactions

Characteristics of psittacines (parrots)

-"hookbills" due to curved upper beak

-zygodactyl feet (2nd and 3rd toes face forward; 1st and 4h toes face backward)

Characteristics of passerines

-pointed or slightly curbed beaks

-Anisodactyl feet (3 toes point forward, 1 toe points backward)

Uropygial gland

gland located at the base of the tail that secretes oil for preening feathers

Feathers purpose

Flight, protection, thermoregulation, camouflage, communication

Contour feathers

Cover body and wings

Down feathers

For insulation

Blood feathers

Newly growing feathers after a molt

Types of feathers

contour, semiplume, down, filoplume, bristle

pneumatized bones

a bone that is hollow or contains many air cells

Pectoral muscles

Flight muscles; make up 20% of birds weight

Synsacrum

Fused caudal vertebrae; stabilizes back during flight

Ovulation to egg laying

22-26 hours

Egg stasis (egg binding)

failure of egg to pass through oviduct at normal rate

Avian emergencies

-prolapsed cloaca

-animal bites

-heavy metal toxicosis

T/F: goats born with no horns is associated with infertility

True

Why dehorn goats?

-to keep animals housed together safe

-keep handlers safe

Browsers

Consumer weeds, grasses, legumes

Flock instinct

Sheep's only defense against a predator

Sheep vaccination protocol

Clostridium & tetnus (bare minimum)

"Family Farms"

-150-200 cows

-becoming less profitable/common

"Commercial Farms"

-1,00-5,000 cows

-becoming standard

Grade A milk

Cannot exceed 300,000 cells/mL prior to pasteurization

Grade B milk

Cannot exceed 750,000 cells/mL prior to pasteurization

Dairy cow bcs

1-5

Milk parlor styles

-herringbone

-parallel

-rotary

-tandem

DHI

Dairy Herd Improvement

Bovine growth hormone

Given to increase udder size, in turn increasing milk production

-administered as an injection

T/F: feed is 75% of the cost of raising animals

True

Permanent identification of cattle

Freeze brand, hot iron brand, ear tattoo

Temporary identification of cattle

Ear tag, paint brands, collars

Reasons for castration of beef cows

-higher quality meat

-easier to handle

-prevents unwanted breeding

-increased body weights

Methods of castration

-elastrator

-emasulatome

-emasculator

Methods of dehorning beef cattle

Caustic paste, electric hot iron, Barnes dehorner, horn saw

Growth implants in beef cattle

Increases weaning weights

Decreases feed costs

Market weights reached faster

Horse identification

Tattoos, freeze branding, hot iron brand, microchip implant

Heaves

Respiratory disease

GnRH

Releases FSH and LH from anterior pituitary gland

-result = ovulation

Sweeney

Atrophied muscles form nerve damage

FSH

Produced by pituitary gland; helps control menstrual cycle and egg production by the ovaries

Increases ovarian follicle development

LH

Produced in pituitary gland; triggers release of egg from ovary

Estrogen

Regulates reproductive system

-triggers onset of estrus

-produced primarily by ovaries.

CL

-release progesterone

-prepares uterus for a fetus

Standing "heat"

Only eternal sign that ovulation is occurring

-female receptive to mounting activity

Neonatal first week landmarks

-respond to stimuli

-elimination initiated by dam

-sex determination

Progesterone

Critical for establishment and maintenance of pregnancy

- suppresses follicle develop and production of estrogen

-produced in ovaries by corpus luteum

Neonatal second week landmarks

-begin to crawl

-body temp rises

-double birth weight

-eyes and ears open

Non-infectious diseases

Injury, genetic abnormalities, ingestion of toxic materials, poor nutrition, hormonal disorders

Infectious diseases

bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, parasites, prions

Disease prevention methods

-proper nutrition

-facility sanitation

-proper health records

-source of animals

-biologicals and pharmaceuticals

Feed efficiency

Measures pounds of feed required per pound of animal weight gain

PRRS

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome

-caused by RNA virus

Livestock euthanasia indications

-unrepairable fractures

-emergency medical condition

-debilitation due to disease

-paralysis

-disease with no effective treatment

Method of euthanasia

-captive bolt

-sedation + KCl injection