Chapter 21: The Digestive System

Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn)

Chapter 21 The Digestive System

1) Mechanical digestion refers to

A) the progressive dehydration of indigestible residue.

B) the input of food into the digestive tract.

C) the enzymatic breakdown of food.

D) the absorption of nutrients in the gut.

E) the effects of chewing, churning, and segmentation.

the effects of chewing, churning, and segmentation.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

2) Chemical digestion refers to

A) the progressive dehydration of indigestible residue.

B) the input of food into the digestive tract.

C) the enzymatic breakdown of food.

D) the absorption of nutrients in the gut.

E) the effects of chewing, churning, and segmentation.

: the enzymatic breakdown of food.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

3) Which function(s) is/are NOT continuously regulated by the GI tract?

A) absorption only

B) motility only

C) secretion only

D) All 3 functions are regulated.

E) None of the 3 functions are regulated.

: absorption only

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

4) Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?

A) stomach

B) pancreas

C) spleen

D) colon

E) esophagus

: pancreas

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge)

5) The ________ is a significant site of absorption of water and electrolytes, but NOT of nutrients.

A) mouth

B) stomach

C) small intestine

D) large intestine

E) None of the answers are correct.

: large intestine

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

6) Which of the following is the sequence of layers from the lumen to the outer wall of the digestive tract?

A) serosa, submucosa, mucosa, muscularis externa

B) submucosa, mucosa, serosa, muscularis externa

C) mucosa, submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa

D) submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa, mucosa

E) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

7) The lamina propria and mucous epithelium are components of the

A) serosa.

B) adventitia.

C) muscularis mucosa.

D) mucosa.

E) submucosa.

: mucosa.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

8) The layer of loose connective tissue beneath the digestive epithelium is the

A) lamina propria.

B) muscularis mucosae.

C) submucosa.

D) submucosal plexus.

E) myenteric plexus.

: lamina propria

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

9) Contraction of the ________ alters the shape of the intestinal lumen and moves epithelial pleats and folds.

A) mucosa

B) submucosa

C) submucosal plexus

D) muscularis mucosa

E) adventitia

: muscularis mucosa

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

10) Rugae, plicae, and villi are all features that accomplish

A) secretion of enzymes.

B) secretion of hormones.

C) an increase in surface area.

D) immune function.

E) mechanical digestion.

: an increase in surface area.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

11) The motor activity of the muscularis externa is controlled by the

A) submucosal plexus.

B) myenteric plexus.

C) migrating motor complex.

D) extrinsic neurons.

E) motilin.

: myenteric plexus.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

12) Intestinal crypts

A) only increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine.

B) only carry products of digestion that will not pass through the walls of blood capillaries.

C) only produce new cells for the mucosa of the small intestine.

D) only function in the absorption of nutrients.

E) increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine and produce new cells for the mucosa of the small intestine.

: increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine and produce new cells for the mucosa of the small intestine.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

13) Chief cells secrete

A) pepsinogen.

B) gastrin.

C) mucus.

D) hydrochloric acid.

E) intrinsic factor.

: pepsinogen.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge)

14) G cells of the stomach secrete

A) cholecystokinin.

B) secretin.

C) gastrin.

D) enterokinase.

E) pepsin.

: gastrin.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge)

15) In the intestine, the epithelial cells have

A) leaky junctions.

B) tight junctions.

C) electrical gap junctions.

: leaky junctions.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

16) The subepithelial connective tissue of the GI tract, immediately beneath the epithelium, is the

A) muscularis mucosae.

B) lamina propria.

C) submucosa.

D) serosa.

E) submucosal plexus.

: lamina propria.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge)

17) Sandwiched between the layer of circular and longitudinal muscle in the muscularis externa is the

A) mucosa.

B) submucosa.

C) muscularis mucosa.

D) myenteric plexus.

E) submucosal plexus.

: myenteric plexus.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge)

18) The myenteric plexus is

A) a layer of circular smooth muscle.

B) a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle.

C) a network of neurons.

D) the mucus secreting layer of the digestive tract.

E) primarily composed of connective tissue.

: a network of neurons.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge)

19) Peyer's patches are characteristic of the

A) stomach.

B) esophagus.

C) pancreas.

D) small intestine.

E) colon.

: small intestine.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge)

20) Features of the submucosa include

A) blood and lymph vessels.

B) a major nerve network.

C) Peyer's patches.

D) blood, lymph vessels, and a major nerve network.

E) blood, lymph vessels, a major nerve network, and Peyer's patches.

: blood, lymph vessels, and a major nerve network.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

21) The ________ are double sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold some of the visceral organs in their proper position.

A) serosa

B) adventitia

C) mesenteries

D) fibrosa

E) lamina propria

: mesenteries

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

22) Slow waves are

A) cycles of smooth muscle contraction and relaxation.

B) spontaneous cycles of depolarization and repolarization.

C) reflexes that originate and are integrated in the enteric nervous system.

D) peristaltic contractions.

E) segmental contractions.

: spontaneous cycles of depolarization and repolarization.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge)

23) ________ are pacemakers for slow wave activity.

A) Interstitial cells of Cajal

B) Intrinsic neuron cells

C) Extrinsic neuron cells

D) G cells

E) Chief cells

: Interstitial cells of Cajal

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge)

24) Powerful contractions that occur a few times each day in the colon are called

A) segmentation.

B) tonic contractions.

C) phasic contractions.

D) peristalsis.

E) mass movements.

: mass movements

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

25) The swallowing center in the brain, which coordinates the muscular reflexes, is located in the

A) cerebrum.

B) medulla oblongata.

C) pons.

D) cerebellum.

E) hypothalamus.

: medulla oblongata.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge)

26) Which of the following events does NOT occur when you swallow?

A) Respiration is inhibited.

B) The upper esophageal sphincter closes.

C) The glottis and epiglottis close.

D) The lower esophageal sphincter relaxes.

: The upper esophageal sphincter closes.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

27) Mucus functions in

A) protection only.

B) lubrication only.

C) enzyme activation only.

D) protection and lubrication.

E) protection, lubrication, and enzyme activation.

: protection and lubrication.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge)

28) In the digestive system, HCl is released by ________, whereas HCO3- is secreted primarily from the ________.

A) parietal cells of the stomach, pancreas

B) the pancreas, parietal cells of the stomach

C) parietal cells of the stomach, liver

D) the liver, parietal cells of the stomach

: parietal cells of the stomach, pancreas

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

29) Nutrient absorption occurs primarily in the

A) stomach.

B) liver.

C) small intestine.

D) large intestine.

E) stomach and small intestine.

: small intestine.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

30) Amylases, the enzymes used to digest carbohydrates, are secreted by

A) salivary glands into the mouth only.

B) gastric glands into the stomach only.

C) the pancreas into the intestine only.

D) salivary glands into the mouth and gastric glands into the stomach.

E) salivary glands into the mouth and the pancreas into the intestine.

: salivary glands into the mouth and the pancreas into the intestine.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

31) When eaten, nearly 90% of our dietary calories from fat are in the form of

A) steroids.

B) phospholipids.

C) triglycerides.

D) cholesterol.

E) fat-soluble vitamins.

: triglycerides.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge)

32) Bile is

A) secreted by hepatocytes only.

B) manufactured by the gallbladder only.

C) released into the stomach only.

D) secreted by hepatocytes and manufactured by the gallbladder.

E) secreted by hepatocytes, manufactured by the gallbladder, and released into the stomach.

: secreted by hepatocytes only.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

33) Functions of the large intestine include

A) chemical digestion of chyme.

B) temporary food storage.

C) resorption of water and compaction of feces.

D) absorption of the products of digestion.

E) All of these answers are correct.

: resorption of water and compaction of feces.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

34) The release of many GI tract hormones is stimulated by a particular food or substance. Which hormone is INCORRECTLY paired with its stimulus?

A) CCK — fatty foods

B) secretin — acid in the small intestine

C) GIP — glucose in the small intestine

D) motilin — acid in the stomach

E) gastrin — peptides, increased sympathetic activity

: motilin — acid in the stomach

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

35) During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion,

A) the stomach responds to distention.

B) secretin inhibits parietal and chief cells.

C) there is an increased flow of action potentials along the vagus nerve to the stomach.

D) the intestine reflexively inhibits gastric emptying.

E) production of gastric juice slows down.

: there is an increased flow of action potentials along the vagus nerve to the stomach.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

36) The gastric phase of gastric secretion is triggered by

A) the sight, thought, or smell of food.

B) the entry of food into the stomach.

C) the entry of chyme into the small intestine.

D) the entry of chyme into the large intestine.

E) the release of cholecystokinin and secretin by the small intestine.

: the entry of food into the stomach.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

37) An enzyme that will digest proteins into peptides is

A) lipase.

B) amylase.

C) nuclease.

D) maltase.

E) trypsin.

: trypsin.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

38) Most products of fat digestion are absorbed by

A) capillaries.

B) veins.

C) lymphatic vessels.

D) arterioles.

: lymphatic vessels.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

39) Which of the following statements is true about GI muscle contractions?

A) Phasic contractions last only seconds and occur in the stomach and small intestine.

B) Tonic contractions are sustained for minutes and occur in the small intestine.

C) Cycles of smooth muscle contraction and relaxation are associated with fast wave potentials.

D) Contractions of the smooth muscle do not depend on calcium.

E) None of these statements are true.

: Phasic contractions last only seconds and occur in the stomach and small intestine.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

40) Which of the following statements is true?

A) Glucose and galactose absorption uses an apical Na+-glucose SGLT symporter.

B) Fructose moves across the apical membrane by active transport.

C) Glucose and galactose use different transporters in absorption.

D) A basolateral GLUT5 transporter moves glucose out of the intestinal epithelial cell.

E) None of the statements are true.

: Glucose and galactose absorption uses an apical Na+-glucose SGLT symporter.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

41) Bicarbonate secretion

A) neutralizes acid entering from the stomach into the duodenum.

B) is secreted by apical Cl--HCO3- antiport.

C) is not dependent on high levels of carbonic anhydrase to maintain bicarbonate production.

D) is secreted by the acinar cells.

E) neutralizes acid entering from the stomach into the duodenum and is secreted by apical Cl--HCO3- antiport.

: neutralizes acid entering from the stomach into the duodenum and is secreted by apical Cl--HCO3- antiport.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

42) Saliva is

A) slightly acidic, with a pH of 6-7.

B) controlled by the autonomic nervous system.

C) stimulated by sympathetic innervation.

D) secreted from endocrine glands.

E) slightly acidic, with a pH of 6-7 and controlled by the autonomic nervous system.

: slightly acidic, with a pH of 6-7 and controlled by the autonomic nervous system.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

43) location of most peptic ulcers

: duodenum

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

44) section where chyme is processed to remove water and electrolytes, leaving waste products of digestion

: colon

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

45) located at the ventral end of the cecum

: appendix

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge)

46) distal-most section of small intestine

: ileum

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge)

47) chyme is released from here

: stomach

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

48) organ that adds exocrine secretions to the duodenum via a duct

: pancreas

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

49) location of the sphincter that prevents premature emptying of the stomach

: pylorus

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

50) organ where most digestion occurs

: small intestine

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge)

51) Carbohydrate digestion begins here.

: mouth

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

52) Carbohydrate digestion is completed here.

: small intestine

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

53) Protein digestion begins here.

: stomach

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

54) Protein digestion is completed here.

: small intestine

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

55) Fat digestion begins here.

: mouth

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

56) Fat digestion is completed here.

: small intestine

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

57) parietal cells secrete

: HCl

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

58) goblet cells secrete

: mucus

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

59) brush border contains/secretes

: enzymes

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

60) pancreatic cells secrete

: more than one of these ( enzymes, bicarbonate)

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

61) The largest collection of ________ tissue in the body is the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT).

: lymphoid

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge)

62) Digestion is essentially completed in the ________.

: small intestine

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

63) The three sections of the small intestine, in order according to movement of its contents, are ________, ________, and ________.

: duodenum, jejunum, ileum

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge)

64) Most absorbed nutrients first enter the blood of the ________ system.

: hepatic portal

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

65) The primary complex carbohydrate ingested and digested by people is ________.

: starch

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

66) After processing in the stomach, the gastric contents are referred to as ________.

: chyme

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

67) Bile salts aid in the digestion of fats by ________ large fat droplets.

: emulsifying

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

68) ________ is intestinal gas produced by bacteria in the colon during the metabolism of undigestible carbohydrates.

: Flatus

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

69) The enzyme that digests starch into disaccharides and trisaccharides is ________.

: amylase

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

70) Maltose is broken down by maltase into two molecules of ________.

: glucose

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

71) ________ are tiny droplets of fatty acids, monoglycerides, and bile salts.

: Micelles

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

72) Slow waves originate in modified smooth muscle cells called ________.

: interstitial cells of Cajal

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge)

73) The ________ is a "housekeeping function" that sweeps food remnants and bacteria out of the upper GI tract and into the large intestine.

: migrating motor complex

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge)

74) ________ are short segments of intestine that alternately contract and relax. They are responsible for ________.

: Segmental contractions; mixing

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

75) The exocrine portion of the pancreas consists of lobules called ________, which secrete ________.

: acini, digestive enzymes

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

76) ________ digests terminal peptide bonds to release amino acids.

: Endopeptidase

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

77) Bile is produced in the ________ and stored in the ________.

: liver, gallbladder

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge)

78) Digestive reflexes originating in the CNS are called ________.

: long reflexes

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge)

79) Long reflexes that originate completely outside the digestive system include ________ and ________, which are called ________ reflexes.

: feedforward reflexes, emotional reflexes, cephalic

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

80) Short reflexes of the digestive system are integrated in the ________.

: enteric nervous system

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge)

81) The primary products of protein digestion are ________, ________, and ________.

: free amino acids, dipeptides, tripeptides

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

82) Fat digestion is carried out by the enzyme ________, which breaks down triglyceride into ________.

: lipase, two fatty acids and one monoglyceride

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

83) ________ is a protein cofactor that is secreted by the pancreas and that allows lipases to access fats inside the bile coating.

: Colipase

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge)

84) Vitamin ________ must be complexed with a protein called ________ to be absorbed from the small intestine.

: B12, intrinsic factor

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

85) Defects in ________ structure or function lead to the disease cystic fibrosis. What ion does this channel transport?

: cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (or CFTR chloride channel); it transports chloride.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

86) What is the ENS, and when was it discovered? What is its significance, what is its nickname, and what are the characteristics that justify that nickname?

: ENS is the enteric nervous system, discovered over 100 years ago. The ENS controls reflexive peristalsis in the intestine, independent of the CNS. The ENS is nicknamed the "little brain" because it shares these characteristics with the actual brain: secretion of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, and the presence of glial cells, a diffusion barrier, and integrating centers.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

87) What are short reflexes? What types of behaviors do they regulate? What are long reflexes? Give examples of each.

: Reflexes controlled by the enteric nervous system are short reflexes. They regulate motility, secretion, and growth. Long reflexes are digestive reflexes that are integrated in the CNS. Long reflexes include feedforward reflexes and emotional reflexes.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

88) List and briefly describe the action of peptides in the GI tract.

: Generally, GI peptides stimulate or inhibit motility and secretion. The peptides classified as hormones include gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, GIP, motilin, and glucagon-like peptide I.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

89) List the six types of epithelial cells associated with gastric glands. Briefly describe each one's role in the stomach.

: Parietal cells secrete HCl and intrinsic factor; chief cells secrete pepsinogen; D cells secrete somatostatin; ECL cells secrete histamine; G cells secrete gastrin; mucous cells secrete mucus and bicarbonate.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

90) Name two functions of cholecystokinin.

: Functions include stimulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion, bicarbonate secretion, gallbladder contraction, sense of satiety, and inhibition of gastric emptying. See Table 21.1 in the chapter.

: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension)

91) Put the following steps of fat digestion and absorption in order:

1. Bile salts coat fat droplets.

2. Cholesterol is transported into cells.

3. Chylomicrons are formed.

4. Chylomicrons are released into lymphatic system.

5. Monoglycerides and fatty acids move out of micelles.

6. Pancreatic lipase and colipase break down fats.

A) 1, 6, 5, 2, 3, 4

B) 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5

C) 2, 6, 5, 1, 3, 4

D) 6, 3, 4, 1, 2, 5

E) None of the answers are correct.

: 1, 6, 5, 2, 3, 4

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application)

92) During defecation,

A) stretch receptors in the rectal wall activate sympathetic centers in the spinal cord.

B) stretch receptors in the rectal wall activate parasympathetic centers in the spinal cord.

C) stretch receptors in the rectal wall activate both sympathetic and parasympathetic centers in the spinal cord.

D) the internal anal sphincter is consciously relaxed.

E) the external anal sphincter contracts.

: stretch receptors in the rectal wall activate parasympathetic centers in the spinal cord.

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application)

93) Decreased levels of bile salts in the bile would interfere with digestion of

A) protein.

B) fat.

C) carbohydrates.

D) nucleic acids.

E) vitamins and minerals.

: fat.

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application)

94) In response to the arrival of acidic chyme in the duodenum, the blood levels of

A) secretin rise.

B) cholecystokinin fall.

C) gastrin rise.

D) enterocrinin fall.

E) All of these answers are correct.

: secretin rise.

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application)

95) A blockage of the ducts from the parotid glands would

A) result in the production of more viscous saliva.

B) impair the lubricating properties of saliva.

C) interfere with carbohydrate digestion in the mouth.

D) eliminate the sense of taste.

E) cause all of these effects.

: interfere with carbohydrate digestion in the mouth.

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application)

96) In response to the hormone secretin, the pancreas secretes a fluid

A) rich in enzymes.

B) rich in bicarbonate.

C) rich in bile.

D) that contains only proteases.

E) that contains only amylase.

: rich in bicarbonate.

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application)

97) In response to the hormone cholecystokinin, the pancreas secretes a fluid

A) rich in enzymes.

B) rich in bicarbonate.

C) rich in bile.

D) that contains only proteinases.

E) that contains only amylase.

: rich in enzymes.

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application)

98) Digestion of a carbohydrate results in large amounts of the monosaccharides glucose and galactose. This carbohydrate was probably

A) sucrose.

B) maltose.

C) lactose.

D) cellulose.

E) glycogen.

: lactose.

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application)

99) Diarrhea often accompanies intestinal infections. Why?

A) The immune system increases the production of enzymes for added protection.

B) Bacterial toxins enhance the secretion of KCl from the cells, which causes water movement into the intestine.

C) Dehydration of the body will kill the bacteria causing the infection.

D) Loss of electrolytes will kill bacteria.

: Bacterial toxins enhance the secretion of KCl from the cells, which causes water movement into the intestine.

: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application)

100) A drug that blocks the action of carbonic anhydrase in parietal cells would result in

A) a lower pH during gastric digestion.

B) a higher pH during gastric digestion.

C) decreased production of pepsinogen by chief cells.

D) increased protein digestion in the stomach.

E) decreased gastrin production.

: a higher pH during gastric digestion.