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Nationalism

The ideology that emphasizes loyalty, devotion, and allegiance to a nation or national group, promoting the idea of nation-states.

European Nationalism

A powerful force driving unification of countries and expansion of European empires in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Colonial Nationalism

The movement in colonies seeking independence and autonomy from European powers during the expansion of empires.

Nationalism's Role in Revolution

Nationalism led to internal instability and revolutions, such as those in the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary.

Russian Revolution

The 1917 revolution where the working class overthrew the Tsar, influenced by nationalist and socialist ideologies.

Militarism

The buildup of massive armies and navies in European powers, contributing to the tensions leading up to World War I.

Triple Entente

The alliance formed between France, Russia, and Britain prior to World War I.

Triple Alliance

The alliance formed between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy prior to World War I.

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

The event that ignited World War I, carried out by a Serbian nationalist in June 1914.

Allied Powers

The coalition of nations including France, Russia, the UK, Italy, and later the US during World War I.

Central Powers

The alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria during World War I.

Trench Warfare

A form of land warfare utilizing deep trenches for protection which characterized the Western Front in WWI.

Treaty of Versailles

The 1919 treaty that officially ended World War I and imposed heavy penalties on Germany.

February Revolution

The 1917 revolution that led to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and establishment of a provisional government.

October Revolution

The 1917 revolution led by Vladimir Lenin that overthrew the provisional government in Russia.

Bolsheviks

The faction that led the October Revolution in Russia, advocating for a communist state.

Red Army

The army of the Bolshevik government during the Russian Civil War.

White Army

The anti-Bolshevik forces fighting against the Red Army during the Russian Civil War.

Fascism

A far-right, authoritarian ultranationalist political ideology emphasizing extreme nationalism and dictatorial power.

Benito Mussolini

The founder of the Fascist Party in Italy and its dictator from 1922.

Adolf Hitler

The leader of Nazi Germany who rose to power using fascist ideas, establishing a totalitarian regime.

Expansionist Policies

Hitler's aggressive foreign policy aimed at territorial expansion beginning with the invasion of Poland.

The Holocaust

The systematic extermination of six million Jews and millions of others by the Nazi regime during WWII.

Joseph Stalin

The leader of the Soviet Union from 1924 who implemented brutal policies and Five-Year Plans.

Great Purge

The political campaign from 1936 to 1938 in the Soviet Union to eliminate dissenting members of the Communist Party.

Battle of Stalingrad

A pivotal battle during WWII that marked the turning point of the conflict on the Eastern Front.

Axis Powers

The coalition of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

Allied Powers (WWII)

The nations including the US, USSR, UK, and China fighting against the Axis during WW II.

Pearl Harbor

The 1941 Japanese attack on a US naval base, leading to the United States' entry into World War II.

D-Day

The 1944 Allied invasion of Normandy, marking the beginning of the liberation of Western Europe.

Atomic Bombs

Nuclear weapons dropped by the US on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, contributing to Japan’s surrender.

Fall of Berlin

The event that led to the end of World War II in Europe in May 1945 following Hitler's suicide.

Cold War

The period of political tension and military rivalry between the US and the Soviet Union from 1947 to 1991.

Nuclear Arms Race

The competition between the US and the Soviet Union to bolster their stockpiles of nuclear weapons during the Cold War.

Berlin Blockade

The 1948-1949 Soviet attempt to block access to West Berlin, leading to the Berlin Airlift.

Korean War

The conflict from 1950-1953 pitting communist North Korea against capitalist South Korea, with US involvement.

Cuban Missile Crisis

The 1962 confrontation over Soviet missiles in Cuba that brought the US and USSR to the brink of nuclear war.

Vietnam War

The conflict from 1955 to 1975 in which the US sought to support South Vietnam against a communist regime.

Fall of the Berlin Wall

The 1989 event symbolizing the collapse of communist regimes in Eastern Europe.

Collapse of the Soviet Union

The dissolution of the USSR in 1991, marking the official end of the Cold War.