Clinical Lab Diagnostics and Urinalysis Review

Exactly 350 practice flashcards for medical students studying hematology, urinalysis, and clinical diagnostics based on lecture notes and exam prep files.

What is the probable diagnosis for a patient from India with inherited hemolytic anemia?

Thalassemia

What is the diagnosis for a 62-year-old male with decreased neutrophils, platelets, and highly increased myeloblastic cells at $5\,$ during the last 6 months?

CML

What is the most likely diagnosis for a 60-year-old patient with weakness for 3 weeks, decreased platelet cells, and myeloblastic cells at $60\,$?

AML

Why do spherocytic RBCs collapse?

Genetic abnormal cells structure

What is the name for microvascular vertebral body endplates infarction?

H-shaped vertebrae

A 19-year-old male working with chemicals presents with decreased red, white, and platelet cells. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Aplastic anemia

In which condition are lymphoblastic cells usually found?

ALL

What is the term for urinary production of $60\,ml/day$?

Anuria

What consistent urinalysis finding is present in a 6-year-old with minimal change disease?

Proteinuria $>3.5\,gm/24\text{ hours}$

Elevated indirect (unconjugated) bilirubin is typically found in which condition?

Sickle cell anemia

A 5-year-old girl presents with bloody diarrhea, fatigue, temperature of $101\,F$, schistocytes, and GFR of $30\,mL/min$. What is the diagnosis?

Hemolytic-uremic syndrome

What is the heart rate (pulse) of the 5-year-old girl diagnosed with hemolytic-uremic syndrome?

$$110/min$$

What is the laboratory Hb value for the 5-year-old girl diagnosed with hemolytic-uremic syndrome?

$$10.1\,g/dL$$

Barbara, a 25-year-old female with hypermenorrhea, craves dirt and has spooning of fingernails. What is the diagnosis?

Iron deficiency anemia

A 20-year-old female has diarrhea, abdominal pain, and macrocytic, normochromic anemia. What is the cause?

$B_9$ deficiency anemia

What is the most likely diagnosis for a 7-year-old with bloody diarrhea, lethargy, Hb of $9.2\,g/dL$, and platelets at $5,000/mm^3$?

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, hemolytic-uremic syndrome

What is the creatinine level of the 7-year-old patient with TTP-HUS?

$$2.4\,mg/dL$$

What is the most common form of Sickle Cell Disease?

HbSS disease

An 83-year-old male smoker has painless red urine and high urothelial/squamous cells in cytology. What is the diagnosis?

Bladder carcinoma

A 42-year-old male presents with decreased platelets and highly increased eosinophils and basophils. What is the diagnosis?

CML

What is the normal fasting blood sugar range?

$$70-99\,mg/dL$$

What is the most likely cause of anemia in a 52-year-old diabetic with a hemoglobin of $9\,g/dL$ and MCV of $94\,fl$?

Erythropoietin deficiency

Which WBC type has a multilobed nucleus with between $2$ and $5$ lobes?

Neutrophils

In which condition would you expect to find an MCV over $100\,fl/cell$?

Megaloblastic anemia

What do patients with non-Hodgkin\'s lymphoma typically feel in the neck and under the arms?

Swollen lymph nodes

What diagnosis is most likely for a 36-year-old female with urinary frequency, dysuria, nitrite positive, and WBC in urine, but no flank pain or fever?

Acute cystitis

What condition causes an increase in the number of eosinophils and basophils in the blood?

Hodgkin\'s lymphoma

A patient with difficulty urinating has a voided quantity of $800\,ml/day$ and positive bacteria/blood tests. What is the condition?

UTI

A 35-year-old man eating mostly sweets and fast food has Hb of $12\,g/dL$. What deficiency is suspected?

Folic acid

What factor determines hematocrit besides the number of red blood cells?

The size of red blood cells

Which blood cells are most often elevated during acute trauma?

Band neutrophils

A 19-year-old male with abdominal pain, glossitis, and MCV of $100\,fl$ likely has what?

Cobalamin deficiency

What is the diagnosis for a 10-year-old boy with auditory nerve deafness, corneal dystrophy, and microscopic hematuria?

Alport syndrome

What finding on renal biopsy is characteristic of Alport syndrome?

Glomerular capillaries with irregular basement membrane thickening

What other inspection signs aid in the diagnosis of a pale 7-month-old with an MCV of $68.6\,fl$?

All of the above (mouth ulceration, sleepiness, cheilitis, pica, hair loss, nail spooning)

What is the MCV value for the 7-month-old child mentioned in the lecture?

$$68.6$$

Which of the following is a risk factor for vitamin $B_{12}$ anemia?

Gastrectomy

Why does a gastrectomy lead to vitamin $B_{12}$ deficiency?

No stomach means no intrinsic factor

Phil, a 56-year-old male, has PsA of $7$ and osteoblastic lesions in the lumbar spine. What is the differential?

Cancer of the prostate

What diagnosis should be included if Phil has elevated serum alkaline phosphatase?

Paget disease

If PSA is increased, what are the two main possibilities?

Prostate stimulation or cancer metastasis

Tim, a 19-year-old, has pain under the right scapula and a positive Murphy\'s sign. What is found on palpation?

Pain under right costal margin and suspended inspiration

In Tim\'s case, where did the pain originate yesterday?

Right upper quadrant of the abdomen

What is the cause of Sickle Cell Anemia in terms of biochemistry?

Abnormal intermolecular interactions on the beta chain

What does an elevation of ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate) indicate?

All of the above (viral infection, bacterial infection, metastatic cancer)

Jeanette, a 16-year-old cheerleader, has a sore throat, mild fever, and a lymphocyte count of $68\,$. What is the suggested problem?

Acute hepatitis A

What is Jeanette\'s ASO titer value?

$$140$$

Which of the following is NOT a cause of iron deficiency anemia?

Genetically abnormal shape of RBC

A baby fed only breast milk starting $12\text{ months}$ ago is at risk for what?

Iron deficiency anemia

Matt, an Italian American, has headache, fatigue, splenomegaly, and hair-on-end appearance of the skull. What is the cause?

Both parents have abnormal gene (Thalassemia major)

What specific RBC morphology is seen in Matt\'s case?

Poikilocytes, hypochromic, Howell-Jowell bodies

Which combination results in erythroblastosis fetalis?

Rh+ father, Rh- mother, Rh+ baby

What is the normal physiological response to living at high altitudes?

Physiological polycythemia

Which nutrients needed for RBC formation are absorbed in the small intestine?

All of the above (folic acid, iron, vitamin $B_{12}$)

What is an AKA for the Epstein-Barr viral infection?

Mononucleosis or Herpes simplex virus $4$

If a 21-year-old female presents with fatigue and pancytopenia, what is suspected?

Aplastic anemia

What does pancytopenia mean?

All cells decreased

If a female has increased LDH and high serum iron, what should be in the differential?

Hemolysis

Why does hemolysis raise serum iron levels?

Because iron is released from RBCs due to breakage

A bone marrow neoplasm directly results in which condition?

Polycythemia vera

What is the major presentation of relative polycythemia?

Dehydration

Hypokalemia can result from which syndrome?

Malabsorption syndrome

What electrolyte abnormality is caused by rhabdomyolysis?

Hyperkalemia

In which condition will eosinophils be elevated?

Bronchial asthma

What is the pathognomonic sign for Hodgkin\'s lymphoma where lymph nodes become painful after alcohol?

Reed-Steinberg cells

What color refers to the cells of ALL?

Blueberries cells

What disease is caused by an abnormal enzyme failing to cleave VWB, leading to blood clots?

TTP

What are the characteristics of hemolytic uremia syndrome?

All of the above (oliguria, destruction of RBC, bruising or bleeding)

What would you find during abdominal palpation of a patient with hereditary spherocytosis?

Enlarged spleen

What is the lymphocyte percentage in the 22-year-old female with a sore throat and achy muscles?

$$68\,$$

What is the AKA of Herpes simplex virus $4$?

Epstein-Barr virus or Mononucleosis

What is the ideal ratio of LDL:HDL?

Less than $3.5:1$

Vito has a fasting lipid profile of $300$. What is the best LDL/HDL ratio provided?

LDL $250$, HDL $50$

What does an LDL:HDL ratio greater than $3.5:1$ suggest?

Obesity

What is the most common cause of iron deficiency anemia related to nutrient balance?

Loss of nutrient exceeding the replenishment of nutrient

What does MCV represent in a CBC?

Average size of the RBC

Hemophilia A is a lack of which factor?

Factor VIII

Spontaneous bruising without a cause is most likely classified as what?

Thrombocytopenia

What is the normal range for platelets per cubic cm?

$$150,000-450,000$$

A patient with $400,000$ platelets is considered what?

Normal patient

Risk of bleeding is highest when platelets are below what level?

$$50,000$$

What is a risk factor for vitamin $B_{12}$ deficient anemia involving the intestine?

Ileocecal resection

Which descent is a risk factor for Thalassemia?

Italian descent

Which descent is a risk factor for Sickle Cell?

African descent

An 83-year-old male with blastic lesions, abnormal PSA, and increased acid phosphatase has what?

Metastatic prostate cancer of the bones

Which antibody is strongly positive in Sjogren\'s syndrome?

Anti-Ro/SSA antibodies

What is the characteristic symptom of Sharp\'s syndrome?

Connective tissue dysfunction

When does Alpha-feto protein (AFP) increase in a pregnant woman?

Week $14-22$

What condition besides pregnancy causes an increase in AFP?

Malignant teratoma

A patient with high serum creatinine and BUN, but normal-sized kidneys after resists evaluation for cellulitis, has what?

Acute tubular necrosis

High levels of Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) typically indicate a problem with which organ?

Liver

Which cardiac enzyme peaks first (4-7 hours) following a myocardial infarction?

CPK MB

When does Aspartate Transaminase (AST) peak after a myocardial infarction?

$$10\text{ hours}$$

When does LDH peak after a myocardial infarction?

$$3\text{ days}$$

What is the recommended method for diagnosing Diabetes Type I?

Fasting blood glucose

What deficiency in a mother can cause a neural tube defect in the child?

Vitamin $B_9$ deficiency

What is a immediate investigation for a collapsed patient with a glucose level of $60\,mg/dL$?

Blood ethanol level

What is the best lab test to diagnose an acute headache due to ischemic stroke?

CPK-1 (BB)

Where are red blood cells first formed before the age of 5?

Skull (bones in general)

Which tests are used to diagnose pancreatitis?

Urine amylase, ASO, lipase