Psychology of Learning Final Exam

Melioration can reduce overall reinforcement due to

all of these are correct

In general, deeply scalloped delay functions are indicative of a tendency toward:

impulsiveness

Traditional explanations of self-control by using the term “willpower“

too often merely describe the behavior they are intended to explain

In a concurrent schedule, the component schedules

neither a nor b is correct

The major difficulty in issues involving self-control is that the less valued alternative tends to be:

more immediate

According to ______, the proportion of responses emitted on a certain schedule will approximately equal the proportion of reinforcers obtained on that schedule.

the matching law

The term impulsiveness refers to situations in which a ______ reward is chosen over a _____ reward.

smaller sooner; larger later

From a behavioral perspective, self-control is an issue involving

conflicting outcomes

According to _______ theory, an organism will shift its behavior toward higher value alternatives without regard to the effect on the overall level of reinforcement.

melioration

During this evening, Rosalie can either watch television or read a book. This is best described as an example of a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

concurrent

On a concurrent schedule, one alternative attracts a higher proportion of responses than would be predicted by matching, regardless of whether the associated schedule is the richer or the poorer schedule. This is an indication of

bias

A concurrent schedule of reinforcement consists of two or more independent schedules that are ________ available.

simultaneously

The matching law predicts that 86% of responses should be emitted on the VI 10-sec alternative and 14% on the VI 60-sec alternative. In reality, a pigeon emits 75% on the VI 10-sec alternative and 25% on the VI 60-sec alternative. This appears to be an example of

undermatching

A fox with a sore leg will likely show _______ when distributing its time between various patches of food.

overmatching

Repeated expsoure to rewards presented at gradually increasing delays has been shown to:

increase self-control

According to the matching law, in an experiment where a pigeon has to press colored keys to receive food, the percentage of responses emitted on a green key should have been 25% under one condition of the experiment and 55% under another condition of the experiment. The respective percentages were instead 35% and 70%. This is most likely an example of

bias

On a concurrent VR 50 VR 100 schedule of reinforcement, a pigeon would likely (once it has enough experience)

show elusive preference for the VR 50 alternative

A changeover delay is the experimental equivalent of the time it take for an animal

to travel between two patches of food

If Samantha obtains 70% of her sales from client A and 30% from client B, the matching law predicts that she will choose to spend ________ of her time with client A

70%

Contagious behavior is associated with behaviors such as ______

All of these are correct

True imitation is defined as a form of observational learning that involves:

the close duplication of a novel behavior

Katya tends to follow her older sisters around and imitate their behaviors. She often gets a lot of attention for doing so. Encouraged by this, she tends to imitate any new behavior (like learning dance moves or playing a new game) that her sisters display, even if nobody notices her. Katya’s behavior illustrates _____.​

generalized imitation

In ______, information is gained from watching a model, which then allows the person who is watching to modify his or her own behavior.

observational learning

Vicarious emotional responses are _________ emotional responses that result from seeing such responses exhibited by others.

classically conditioned

Animals using scent marking at food sites of an example of ______.

simulus enhancement

______ is more-or-less instinctive or reflexive behavior triggered by the occurrence of the same behavior in another individual.

contagious behavior

Byron, who attended a massage workshop, is less skilled at massage than Salima, who has to massage her ill mother daily. This is an instance in which _____ is less efficient than behavior that has been shaped by natural contingencies.

rule-governed behavior

We are more likely to attend to a model if:

both a and b are correct

A reliable person has most likely been trained to exhibit a strong level of:

say-do correspondance

In stimulus enhancement, the probability of a behavior is changed because:​

an individual’s attention is drawn to an item or location by the behavior of another individual.

In Bandura’s Bobo doll studies, children observed:

adults interacting with toys

Which of the following is a conclusion drawn from Bandura’s Bobo doll studies?

all of these are correct

We are more likely to attend to a model when the behavior being modeled is:

something we are capable of understanding and duplicating

We gradually learn, mostly through _______, the extent to which it is appropriate to perform certain modeled behavior.

reinforcement and punishment

Vicki laughs out loud at a joke she is reading from a magazine. One by one, her friends around her start giggling and chuckling as well, even though they are not sure what Vicki is laughing about. One even says “What’s so funny?” even though she is already laughing. This scenario illustrates _____.​

contagious behavior

The phenomenon of _____ explains why we are more likely to associate a relatively novel item, such as an unusual liqueur, with sickness than we would a more familiar item such as beer.

latent inhibition

Adjunctive behavior is also called ______ behavior.

Cassie became ill several hours after eating a meal consisting of plain mashed potatoes and spicy hot wings. She is more likely to develop a taste aversion to ______.

spicy hot wings

In instinctive drift, the behavior that is being shaped comes to be replaced by:

an operantly conditioned fixed action pattern

The term schedule-induced polydipsia refers to a pattern of _____ that can most readily be induced by exposure to a(n) _______ schedule of food reinforcement.

excessive water drinking; FT or FI

Daniel eats some turkey gumbo while feeling nauseous because of a severe stomach flu. This experience

could well result in the development if a taste aversion

During a vacation trip to a desert, Bill was startled by a snake and subsequently became terrified of snakes. Over the years, he has also received several shocks from handling the frayed cord on his old toaster and now feels slightly uncomfortable while handling it. Which of the following would most likely account for the difference in the level of fear elicited in these two situations?

biological prepared

In the Breland and Breland example of instinctive drift, the rooting that occurred in response to the _______ was a(n) ________.

coin; conditioned response

Based on Jenkins & Moore’s experiment on autoshaping, the fact that pigeons peck a key differently when the reinforcer is food as opposed to water is most readily explained in terms of:

pavlov’s stimulus-substitution theory

According to the concept of species-specific defense reaction, rats easily learn to ______ to avoid shock because these actions are actually _____.

run or freeze; elicited behaviors that are natural reactions to danger

An excessive pattern of behavior that emerges as a by-product of an intermittent schedule of reinforcement for some other behavior is known as:

adjunctive behavior

The tendency of an organism to approach a stimulus that signals the presentation of an appetitive event is known as:

sign tracking

Taste aversion conditioning differs from most other types of conditioning in that:

it usually takes only one trial for the conditioning to occur

In keeping with the principal of _____, it is easier to condition a taste aversion to a(n) ______ food item.

latent inhibition; unfamiliar