Chapter 40: Disorders of Endocrine Function (exam 2)

What are endocrine disorders characterized by?

Hyperfunction or hypofunction of hormone production

What is hyperfunction?

Excessive hormone production

What is hypofunction?

Decreased hormone production

What are the major causes of endocrine disorders?

Congenital, autoimmune, neoplastic, functional, tissue resistance, infectious, idiopathic, iatrogenic

What is a primary endocrine disorder?

Intrinsic malfunction of the target gland

What is a secondary endocrine disorder?

Malfunction of the hypothalamus or pituitary

What causes growth hormone deficiency?

Decreased hGH secretion, defective receptor, or defective IGF-1 generation

What are manifestations of growth hormone deficiency?

Hypoglycemia, delayed puberty, growth below 3rd percentile

What is the treatment for growth hormone deficiency?

hGH replacement therapy

What causes growth hormone excess?

Pituitary adenoma

What is gigantism?

Growth hormone excess before epiphyseal plate closure

What is acromegaly?

Growth hormone excess in adulthood

What hormone is elevated in GH excess?

IGF-1

What are signs of acromegaly?

Large hands and feet, prognathism, deep voice, cardiomegaly

What is the treatment for GH excess?

Tumor removal, octreotide, pegvisomant

What are the lab findings in primary hypothyroidism?

High TSH, low T3/T4

What autoimmune disease causes hypothyroidism?

Hashimoto thyroiditis

What is myxedema?

Severe prolonged hypothyroidism

What are symptoms of hypothyroidism?

Cold intolerance, weight gain, lethargy, bradycardia

What is used to treat hypothyroidism?

Levothyroxine

What are the lab findings in Graves disease?

Low TSH, high T3/T4

What causes Graves disease?

Autoantibodies that mimic TSH

What are symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

Weight loss, heat intolerance, tachycardia, tremor

What eye finding occurs in Graves disease?

Exophthalmos

What is thyroid storm?

Life-threatening thyrotoxicosis

What medications treat hyperthyroidism?

Methimazole and beta blockers

What are the lab findings in Addison disease?

High ACTH, low cortisol, low aldosterone

What causes Addison disease?

Autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex

What causes hyperpigmentation in Addison disease?

Elevated ACTH

What are symptoms of Addison disease?

Weight loss, weakness, hypotension, salt cravings

What enzyme deficiency causes congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

21-hydroxylase deficiency

What causes virilization in congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

Excess androgen production

What are symptoms of Cushing syndrome?

Moon face, buffalo hump, truncal obesity, purple striae

What test is used for Cushing syndrome?

Dexamethasone suppression test

What causes Conn syndrome?

Aldosterone-secreting adenoma

What are symptoms of hyperaldosteronism?

Hypertension and hypokalemia

What drug treats hyperaldosteronism?

Spironolactone

What is pheochromocytoma?

Catecholamine-secreting adrenal tumor

What is the classic triad of pheochromocytoma?

Headache, tachycardia, diaphoresis

What are the lab findings in hypoparathyroidism?

Low PTH, low calcium, high phosphate

What signs indicate hypocalcemia?

Chvostek sign and Trousseau sign

How is hypoparathyroidism treated?

Calcium and vitamin D

What are the lab findings in hyperparathyroidism?

High PTH, high calcium, low phosphate

What are the symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?

Stones, bones, groans, and moans

What causes diabetes insipidus?

Insufficient ADH

What are symptoms of diabetes insipidus?

Polyuria, polydipsia, hypernatremia

What medication treats diabetes insipidus?

Desmopressin (DDAVP)

What causes SIADH?

Excess ADH secretion

What are symptoms of SIADH?

Hyponatremia, confusion, seizures

What is the treatment for SIADH?

Fluid restriction and IV saline