p/s 1-5

What makes up the forebrain ?

Cerebral cortex
Basal ganglia
Limbic system
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

This brain region is involved in complex perceptual, cognitive and behavioral processes

Cerebral Cortex

This brain region is involved in movement

Basal Ganglia

this brain region is involved in emotion and memory

Limbic System

This brain region is the sensory relay station

Thalamus

This brain region is involved in hunger, thirst and emotions

Hypothalamus

What brain regions are in the midbrain?

Inferior and superior colliculi

This brain region is involved in sensorimotor reflexes

inferior and Superior Colliculi

What brain regions are involved in the Hindbrain ?

Cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata
Reticular Formation
Pons

What brain region is involved in refined motor movements ?

Cerebellum

What brain region is involved in heart, vital relfexes ( Vomiting, Coughing)?

Medulla Oblongata

What brain region is involved in Arousal and Alertness ?

Reticular Formation

What brain region is involved in communication within the brain, breathing ?

PONS

A scan in which multiple x-rays are taken at diff angles and processed by a computer to produce cross-sectional images of the tissue

CT scan

A scan in which a radioactive sugar is injected and absorbed into the body and its dispersion and uptake throughout the target tissue is imaged

PET scan

A scan in which a magnetic field that interacts with hydrogen atoms is used to map out hydrogen dense regions of the body

MRI scan

A scan in which the use is the same as MRI techniques, but specifically measure changes associated with blood flow.

It is especially useful for monitoring neural activity, since increased blood flow to a region of the brain is typically coupled with its neuronal activation

fMRI scan

This structure in the brain plays a vital role in learning and memory processes, it helps consolidate info to form long term memories and can redisturbate remote memories to the cerebral cortex

Hippocampus

In the brain this contains one of the primary pleasure centers in the brain , it is associated with addictive behaviors

Septal Nuclei

This manages executive function by supervising and direction operations of other brain regions

Prefrontal Cortex

How does the pre-fortal cortex regulate attention and alertness?

Communicates with the reticular formation in the brainstem

How may people with prefrontal lesions be ?

More impulsive
less in control
tendency towards angry outburts
higher predisposition to crying
make vulgar remarks
sexual remarks

Primary site of most sound processing, including speech, music and other sound info

Auditory cortex

This area is associated with language reception and comprehension

Wernicke’s area

What other regions of the brain functions in memory processing, emotion and langauge?

Temporal lobe

Part of the brain responsible for sensation of touch, pressure, temp (Somatosensory cortex); Spatial processing, orientation and manipulation

Parietal lobe

Resonds to deep pressure and vibration

The Pacinian corpuscles

Responds to light touch

Meissner's corpuscles

Responds to deep pressure and texture

Merkel cells (discs)

Responds to stretch

Ruffini endings

Responds to pain and temp

Free nerve endings

Minimum of stimulus energy that is needed to activate a sensory system. It is a threshold in sensation; How bright, how loud or intense a stimulus is before it is sensed

Absolute threshold.

The level of intensity that a stimulus must pass in order to be consciously perceived by the brain

Threshold of conscious perception

Information that is recieved by the central nervous system, but that does not cross this threshold

Subliminal Perception

Refers to a decrease in response to a stimulus over time

Adaptation

Gathers and filters incoming light

Cornea

Divides the front of the eye into the anterior and posterior chambers

Iris

What two muscles in the eye open and closes the pupils ?

Dilator and constrictor pupillae

Refracts incoming light to focus it on the retina and is help in the place by suspensory ligaments connected to the ciliary muscle

Lens

What does the ciliary body produce that drains through the canal of schlemm

Aqueous Humor

What detects light and dark ?

Rods

What does the retina contains?

Rods and Cones

What does cones detect

Color in three forms ( Short- Medium and long wavelenth)

The macula holds ?

Mostly cones

The center of the macula is the fovea which contains ?

Only cones

Integration of the signals from ganglion cells and edge-sharpening is performed by ?

Horizontal and Amacrine cells

What is form detected by with high spatial resolution and low temporal solution ?

Parvocellular Cells

What is motion detected by with low spatial resolution and high temporal resolution ?

Magnocellular Cells

Depth is detected by what ?

Binocular neurons

This refers to object recognition by parallel processing and feature detection. The brain takes the individual sensory stimuli and combines together to create a cohesive image before determining what the object is

Bottom-up-Processing (Data-Driven)

This is driven by memories and expectations that allow the brain to recognize the whole object and then recognize the components based on these expectations .

This allows us to quickly recognize objects without needing to analyze their specific parts

Top-down Processing (Concept Driven)

Refers to the ability to create a complete picture or idea by combining top-don and bottom-up processing with all of the other sensory clues from an object

Perceptual Organization

This visual cue only requires one eye and includes:
Relative size
Linear perspective
Motion Parallax
and other minor cues

Monocular Cues

Refers to the idea that objects appear Larger the closer they are

Relative size

This means when two objects overlap, the one in front is closer

Interposition

This refers to the convergence of parallel lines at a distance

Convergence; The great the convergence, the further the distance

This is the perception that objects closer to us seem to move faster when we change our field vision (look at something else)

Motion Parallax

What does Bionocular cues primarly involve which refers to the slight difference in images projected on the two retinas ?

Retinal Disparity

This is when the brain detects the angles between the two eyes required to bring an object into focus

Convergence

This refers to our ability to perceive that certain characterics of objects remain the same, despite changes in the environment.

Constancy

Refers to the ability to tell where one’s body is in three-dimensional space

Proprioception

This states that elements close to one another tend to be perceived as a unit

Law of proximity

This says that objects that are similar appear to be grouped together

Law of similarity

This says that elements that appear to follow the same pathway tend to be grouped together

Law of good continuation

This refers to the perception of nonexistent edges in figures, based on surronding visual cues

Subjective contours

This says that when a space is enclosed by a group of lines, it is perceived as a complete or closed line

The law of closure

This is the process of becoming used to a stimulus

Habituation