Lab 3: Classification and Immatures

What is taxonomy?

The theory and practice of naming, describing, and classifying groups of biological organisms into a ranked and names system

What is systematics?

The arrangement of organisms; explaining the kinds of diversity of life and relationships among organisms.

Who wrote systema naturae? what did it provide for science?

Carl Linnaeus

—> Organizational basis for modern biology

What are species?

Real evolutionary units containing all indivudals sharing a common pool of genes

They can interbreed and have fertile offpring.

Is Arthropoda a class?

No it is a phylum

Is Hexapoda a class?

Yes

It contains all insects

What are the main features of Hexapoda?

• Body divided into three segments

• Antennae

• 3 Pairs of walking legs

• Epimorphic development

• Metamorphisis

What is molting?

the periodic shed of the old, small exoskeleton for growth

What can molting tell us about an insect?

Number of molts is characteristic of an insect species

What is the difference between an instar and stadium?

Instar = the form the insect takes after a molt

Stadium = the interval between one molt and the next

What is metamorphisis?

The change in form from juvinielle to adult?

What are the three kinds of metamorphosis we discuss?

1. Ametaboly

2. Hemimetaboly

3. Holometaboly

What are the main characteristics of ametabolous metamorphosis?

• Slight // No metamorphosis

• Newly hatched young look and behave like adults

• Egg, nymph and adult stages

What are the main characteristics of hemimetabolous metamorphosis?

• Incomplete metamorphosis

• Young are sometimes called nymphs or naiads

• External wing pads; exopterygota

• Egg, nymph or naiad, and adult stages

What are the main characteristics of holometabolous metamorphosis?

• Complete metamorphosis

• Series of larval stages followed by a non-feeding pupal stage

• Internal wing pads; endopterygota

• Egg, larva, pupa and adult stages

How do the eggs of Apterygota and Exopterygota differ from Endopterygota?

They are much larger eggs; and condition is related to where they are laid

What is an ootheca?

An egg casing found in grasshoppers and cockroaches

What do most bug eggs look like?

Fat barrels standing on their ents; they usually have a lid (operculum)

What do moth and butterfly eggs look like?

The shell (chorion) is sculpted in a distinctive way in each species

Where do flies lay eggs?

Singly or in groups on decaying matter

What do larvae legs look like?

If free living they have jointed thoracic legs

If developing inside plants they are generally legless

Which group has ‘false caterpillars’? what does this mean?

Hymenoptera

They have 6 pairs of prolegs or more (unless honey bees)

What do true caterpillars look like?

They have 5 or fewer pairs of prolegs

Prolegs are adapted for grasping the edges of leaves

which group is known for having true caterpillars?

Lepidoptera

What do grubs look like?

More variable in habit and form

They usually feed n the same food as adults

What do diptera larvae look like?

Maggots

They have no heads and are legless

What is a pupae?

A more or less embryonic stage where larvae transform into adults

Larval tissues are broken down and are used in constructing adult structures

What are exarate pupae?

a type of insect pupa in which the legs, antennae, and wings are free from the body, not tightly glued to it, often appearing like a soft, pale, mummified adult

What are two groups with exarate pupae?

Coleoptera

Hymenoptera

What are obtect pupae?

a type of insect pupa characterized by having their legs, wings, and antennae firmly glued or attached to the body wall, creating a smooth, compact, and often immobile, mummified appearance

What group has obtect pupae?

Lepidoptera

What type of pupae do most lower and higher flies have?

Exarate

What are coarctate pupae?

specialized, inactive insect pupal form common in flies (Diptera) where the pupa is concealed inside a hardened, barrel-shaped shell known as a puparium. This casing is derived from the dried, cast-off skin of the final larval stage, providing protection during metamorphosis

What is a ptilinum?

An inflatable sac on the end of the puparium

Which group has coarctate pupae?

Brachycera, Cyclorrhapha