semester 2 AP hug study guide

for semester 2

Geographer Derwent Whittlesey divided the world into how many agricultural regions?

13

Potatoes were domesticated in?

South America

Seed agriculture probably reached Europe from?

Southwest Asia

Use the map to answer the question. The Map of crop hearths indicates that?

Crops came from multiple, unique locations around the world.

Hunting and gathering societies?

Are found in isolated areas of the world

Using the diagram below. According to the “change in undernourishment” chart, there has been a recent decrease in undernourishment in?

South Asia

Which type of agriculture is primarily found in less-developed countries?

Plantation/Subsistence

Shifting cultivation is most commonly found in which climate region?

Humid low-latitude

Which type of agriculture is practiced by the largest percentage of farmers in Asia?

Intensive subsistence

Pastoral nomadism is commonly found in which climate region?

Dry

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures is?

Transhumance

Use the map below to answer. According to the map of agricultural workers, more than 50% of the labor force is engaged in agriculture in?

Kenya, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe

Use the map below to answer question. According to the map of agricultural workers, from 20-49% of the labor force is engaged in agriculture in what locations?

Pakistan, Iran, and Algeria

Which of the following have aided commercial farmers in MDCs?

Transportation improvements, scientific advances, and electronics

The decline in the number of farmers in MDCs can best be described as a consequence of?

Economic factors (push/pull)

Mixing crops and livestock allows farmers to?

Create a system where crops provide food for the livestock and the livestock provide manure for crop fertilization

After maize, the most important crop in the U.S. mixed crop and livestock region is?

Soybeans

Which of the following is least likely to be produced in Mediterranean agriculture?

Butter

The predominant form of agriculture in the U.S. Southeast is?

Commercial Gardening

Which statement correctly describes hunting and gathering?

This form of subsistence is still practiced despite the modernization of agriculture in some areas

Which is a characteristic of shifting cultivation?

A new site is designed every few years

The type of agriculture practiced near large cities, which includes producing fruits and vegetables, is called?

Truck Farming

According to the von Thünen model (Below), which of the following factors is least important to a farmer when deciding which crops to grow?

Nutritional value of the crop

Which of the following is the most common form of commercial agriculture in Europe?

Mixed crop and livestock

Truck farming is a term that derives from the Middle-English word truck, meaning?

“Bartering” or “exchange of commodities”

In the United States many farms are integrated into a large food production industry. This is known as?

Agribusiness

__ model is used by geographers to explain the importance of proximity to the market in the choice of crops to the commercial farm.

Von Thunen’s

What is the purpose of crop rotation?

Maintaining the fertility of fields

Farming varies around the world because of __ across space.

Cultural and environmental factors

Compared to the North American Ranchers, commercial ranchers in the Pampas of Argentina, Uruguay, and southern Brazil are more likely to rely on what type of farming?

Raise livestock primarily for export

The growth potential of alternative agricultural practices such as the growing amaranth grains and the raising of deer, elk, emus, and buffalo for meat is limited because?

The growers may not have established an integrated commodity chain

Which of the following correctly lists the four major ancient cultural hearths?

Indus Valley, Mesopotamia, Nile Valley, North China

Which of the following is an essential requirement of lowland rice production?

Abundant water

Labor intensive intertillage is often practiced in?

Southeast Asia

Subsistence agriculture is always characterized by?

Production only for family consumption

Which of the following pairs of agricultural types occupies the largest percentage of the worlds total land area?

Shifting cultivation and nomadic herding

Which of the following is the best example of extensive land use in agriculture?

A sheep ranch

Specialty agriculture and timber production have increased the level of development and gross national income (GNI) of Chiles economy through which of the following?

Export sales to consumers in foreign markets

Genetic engineering of agricultural crops has primarily increased the productivity of modern farming by?

Increasing plants’ drought resistance and resistance to pests

The industrialization and mechanization of agriculture in the United states during the past 70 years have resulted in __

A decrease in the number of farms and an increase in the size of farms

In which of the following regions has the green revolution had the least impact on agriculture?

Sub-Saharan Africa

Gross domestic product (GDP) is the

Total value of outputs of goods and services produced in a country during a year

An example of a primary sector activity is

Mining

Processing of computer information is an example of which sector of the economy?

Tertiary sector

Compared to less developed countries, more developed countries have higher rates of

Literacy

The difference in per capita GDP between the more developed and less developed regions is

Widening

The North American region has high rates of material development but troubling levels of

Inequality

The Gender Inequality Index (GII)

Compares the levels of indicators for females to those of males within a country

Severe gender inequality is a challenge to development because

Limits economic and social mobility of women, as well as families that are headed by women

The Chernobyl incident in 1986 involved

a runaway reaction at a nuclear power facility

According to the international trade approach to development, a country should identify all but which of its following assets?

Imports that it should limit

The biggest problem in promoting development through the international trade alternative is

Unequal distribution of resources and wealth

The principal benefit of the self-sufficiency approach is to promote

Balanced growth of all economic sectors

The biggest problem faced by less developed countries in financing development is

Inability to repay debt

The major economic asset of the Russian region is

Natural gas/petroleum

According to Rostow's development model, the process of development begins when

An elite group supports investments in technology and infrastructure

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the Fair Trade movement?

Protection of workers’ rights by multinational corporations

All the Following are ways in which a decent standard of living is measured EXCEPT

Gross domestic product (GDP)

What does Purchase Power Parity (PPP) Measure?

Differences in cost of goods across countries

All of the following are characteristics of an MDC EXCEPT

Many primary sector workers

The Brandt line

A line separating the “wealthy” North from the “poorer” South of the Earth

What group of people in Myanmanr (Burma) suffered the horrific effects of Ethnic Cleansing

Rohingya (Muslim)

This map of railway diffusion indicates that during the Industrial Revolution

Railways diffused outward from Britain

Outside of the three world regions where industry is concentrated, the next two largest industrial producing countries are

Brazil and India

The map of North America's industrial areas shows that

Much of the region’s industry is concentrated around or near the Great Lakes

A copper concentration mill tends to locate near a copper mine because it is a

Bulk-reducing industry

Metal fabrication plants are an example of a bulk-gaining industry because

Parts are combined to make a more complex and larger product.

Producers of automobiles select assembly plant locations primarily for their closer access to

Markets for finished automobiles

New U.S. automobile assembly plants have been built primarily in the

South

According to these charts, the U.S. share of global steel production

Decreased from 16 percent in 1980 to 6 percent in 2010

According to this graph, carbon dioxide emissions were approximately 300 PPM

In the year 1900 and 375 PPM in the year 2000

Twenty-three U.S. states have so-called "right-to-work" laws that

Prohibit requirements of employees to pay dues or fees as a condition of employment

Mexico's maquiladora plants

Plants in Mexico near the U.S. border

The new international division of labor reflects the growing importance of

Outsourcing

Which of the following best describes the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between the United States, Canada, and Mexico?

A multinational trade zone in which most tariffs and trade barriers have been eliminated

Which of the following resources is used to produce the largest amount of electricity in the United States?

Natural gas

Which of the following best describes Alfred Weber’s analysis of location decisions?

Seeks to minimize costs among multiple inputs of production

A central place is defined as a

Settlement that provides goods and services to surrounding population

Global cities are defined by

The number and type of business services found there

Which business services are the most likely to be concentrated in global cities?

High-end services, specialized professional services, and corporate headquarters

The maximum distance people are willing to travel for a service is the

Range

The minimum number of people needed to support a service is called the

Threshold

A primate city is defined as

A nation’s leading city, disproportionately larger than the second largest

The hierarchical listing of settlements by size is known as the

Settlement hierarchy

The gravity model predicts that the optimal location of a service is

Directly related to the people in an area and inversely related to the distance people must travel

A food desert is usually associated with

Low-income areas

Global cities are identified and ranked by a combination of

Economic, political, cultural, and infrastructural factors

The attraction of the "offshore banking" industry can best be explained by

Bank secrecy laws and avoidance of paying taxes

Which two factors influence the location of back-office services in developing countries?

Low wages and English speaking

Higher social heterogeneity in urban settlements means that

Greater diversity in the same area

All of the following are characteristics the IMF (International Monetary Fund EXCEPT?

To develop a world currency by 2010.

In a simplified model of a city, the zone where retail and office activities are clustered is the

Cental business district (CBD)

Land values are high in the CBD primarily because of

Competition for limited space

European CBDs are similar to those in North America because they both contain

High retail and office activity concentration

According to the concentric zone model, a city develops in a series of

Rings

According to the sector model, the best housing is located in

Wedge from CBD to outer edge of city

The multiple nuclei theory (Zones)

CBD, Wholesale, Outlying business district, Low class, Middle class, High class, Residential Suburb, Manufacturing, Industrial Suburb

The galactic Urban model (Zones)

Central city, Residential Suburbs, Shopping mall, Industrial district, Offices, Service center, Airport, Employment & Shopping center

The East asian Urban Model (Zones)

Squatter areas, Suburbs, Port, Western commercial, new industrial estate

The Latin American Urban Model (Zones)

CBD, Market, Industrial, Peripheral squatter, Elite residential, Gentrification, Middle class