Psych SAC 3

Investigation methodologies, Variables, Hypothesis,

define investigation aim

the purpose of the study

define investigation study

the question that is to be solved by a study

Define a hypothesis

a statement predicting the probable outcomes of a study

Define independent variable

variable that is being manipulated by the researcher

Dependant variable

variable that is being measured by the researcher

define controlled experiment

experimental investigation of the relationship between one or more independent variables and a dependent variable, in which all other variables are controlled

-within-subjects design

-between subjects design

-mixed subjects design

define extraneous variable

a variable other than the independent variable that may have an unwanted effect on the dependent variable and results of an investigation

Define controlled variable

variable that is held constant to ensure that the only influence on the dependent variable is the independent variable

Confounding variable

an unwanted variable that has affected the results of an investigation

Random sampling

selecting participants from the population in a way that means each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected to participate in the study

Stratified sampling

first dividing the population in subgroups, and then randomly selecting participants from each subgroup in the proportion that they appear in the population

within subject’s design

an investigation design in which all participants in the sample are involved in both the experimental and control groups

mixed design

an investigation design that combines elements of a between subject’s design and a within subject’s design

Case study

investigation of particular activity, behaviour, event or problem that contains a real or hypothetical situation and includes real world complexities

Classification and identification

investigation that involves arranging objects, events, or a phenomena (rare event) into manageable sets

Correlational study

A study that observes and records variables as they naturally occur to identify relationships and make predictions, without manipulating the variables

-fieldwork

-literature review

-modelling; product, process, or system development

-stimulation

Fieldwork

investigation that involves collecting information through observing and interacting with a selected environment

Literature review

investigation that involves collating and analysing secondary data and viewpoints

Modelling

investigation that involves constructing and/or manipulating a physical or conceptual model of a system

Stimulation

investigation that uses a model to replicate and study the behaviour of a system

Product process and system development

investigation in which a product, process or a system is designed to meet a human need

Experimental design

the way participants are allocated to groups in an experiment to test the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable

Ethical concepts

ethical considerations that are used to analyse the ethical and moral conduct surrounding psychological issues and psychological investigations

Respect- ethical concept

-right to make own discussion

-believe everyone had value to their welfare and beliefs

Integrity- ethical concept

-commitment to search for knowledge and honestly report info

-findings should be published even if negative or inconclusive

Non-maleficence - ethical concept

-any potential harm should be avoided or minimised as much as possible, can include;

. Physical harm

. Social harm

. Psychological harm

. Legal harm

Justice- ethical concept

-fair access to benefits of research ensuring no burden on one group

-everyone treated fairly

Beneficence- ethical concept

-consideration of benefits or gains from research in relation to risks

-maximising benefits

-actions in other best interests

Ethical guidelines

guidelines that ensure the protection and welfare of all participants in research

Debriefing- ethical guideline

-have to spill aims, results and conclusions

-provide with psychological support if needed

Use of deception- ethical guideline

-participants must know purpose of study, unless it will influence behavior

-if used must be addressed after study

Withdrawal rights- ethical guidelines

-participants can leave whenever they want, including experimenter removing any results obtained from them

-should be outlined in consent form

Confidentiality- ethical guideline

-participants private info should not be included in the final result

Voluntary participation- ethical guideline

-participants must willingly participate with no pressure or coercion

-participants must not be disadvantaged if they don’t participate

Informed consent- ethical guideline

-participants must understand nature and purpose of the study

-must be aware of withdrawal rights

-if under 18 or uncapable of signing must have parent or guardian to sign

Primary data

data collected by researcher

Secondary data

data collected from other experiments or researchers

Qualitative data

data that uses descriptions

Quantative data

Data that uses numbers

Subjective data

data collected from personal experiences

Objective data

Data collected from factual things

Personal errors

mistake, miscalculation or observer error made when conducting research

Measurement error

difference between the measured value and the true value

Systematic error

an error that causes readings to differ from the true value by a consistent amount each time a measurement is made

Random error

error that creates unpredictable variations in the measurement process and results in a spread of readings

Concussion

mild form of traumatic brain injury, resulting from an external force to the head or body that causes the brain to bounce inside the skull

CTE

neuro degenerative disease linked to repeated impacts to the head

tau protein builds up disrupting important processes that keeps cells alive and healthy