Lab quiz 10

In the "Mr. Boulard" case study regarding ketoacidosis, the patient’s lab results showed a blood glucose of 345 mg/dl and a blood pH of 7.1. These values are __________ and __________ respectively. a) low; high b) high; high c) high; low d) typical; low

high; low

The "fruity acetone" smell detected on the breath of a patient in ketoacidosis is a direct result of the buildup of: a) glucose b) insulin c) ketone bodies (Acetone) d) albumin

ketone bodies (Acetone)

Ketone bodies are produced in the __________ using __________ as an energy source when glucose cannot be used by the cells. a) pancreas; proteins b) liver; fats (fatty acids) c) stomach; carbohydrates d) kidneys; glycogen

liver; fats (fatty acids)

In the diabetes (ketoacidosis) case study, the patient produced high levels of ketones because a lack of __________ prevented glucose from entering the cells, forcing the body to burn __________ for energy.

a) glucagon; proteins b) insulin; fat c) glycogen; lipids d) cortisol; carbohydrates

insulin; fat

In the ketoacidosis case study, because ketones are acidic, the patient was found to have a __________ blood pH and a __________ urine pH.

a) high; high b) high; low c) low; high d) low; low

low; low

A patient experiencing diarrhea, gas, and bloating specifically after consuming milk is likely suffering from a lack of the enzyme __________ to digest lactose. a) amylase b) pepsin c) lactase d) lipase

lactase

In Celiac disease, an immune attack on the intestinal lining occurs in response to gluten, which results in the __________ of the villi and impaired nutrient absorption. a) enlargement b) flattening (atrophy) c) multiplication d) hardening

flattening (atrophy)

Which liver organelle is primarily responsible for the detoxification of drugs and alcohol? a) Lysosome b) Peroxisome c) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) d) Nucleus

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Jaundice, characterized by a yellowing of the skin and eyes, occurs in cirrhosis because the damaged liver can no longer process and excrete __________. a) albumin b) bilirubin c) clotting factors d) glucose

bilirubin

Which of the following is NOT a typical sign of chronic alcohol abuse?
A. Jaundice
B. Ascites
C. Increased clotting
D. Enlarged liver

Increased clotting

The development of ascites (fluid buildup in the abdomen) during liver failure is caused by portal hypertension and a(n) __________ in the production of the protein __________ by the liver. a) increase; insulin b) decrease; albumin c) increase; hemoglobin d) decrease; pepsinogen

decrease; albumin

The liver is capable of removing certain toxins from the blood because its hepatocytes contain specialized organelles; __________ are responsible for breaking down waste, while __________ detoxify harmful substances through oxidation.

a) Peroxisomes; Smooth ER b) Lysosomes; Peroxisomes c) Mitochondria; Lysosomes d) Smooth ER; Ribosomes

Lysosomes; Peroxisomes

In the case study regarding Mrs. Fender’s cirrhosis, her jaundice is caused by the accumulation of __________, which is normally processed by the liver and then excreted in __________.

a) glucose; blood b) bilirubin; bile c) ketones; urine d) albumin; lymph

bilirubin; bile

In the cirrhosis case study, Mrs. Fender experienced excessive bruising and prolonged clotting times because her damaged hepatocytes (liver cells) produced fewer __________, which are essential for __________.

a) red blood cells; oxygen transport b) clotting factors; blood clotting c) bile salts; fat digestion d) hormones; heart rate

clotting factors; blood clotting

The liver contains specialized exchange capillaries called sinusoids that _________ blood flow, which allows for _________ between the blood and liver cells.

a) accelerate; faster filtration b) slow down; direct exchange c) maintain; pressure gradients d) bypass; hormonal signaling

slow down; direct exchange

In the cirrhosis case study, portal hypertension leads to a(n) __________ in net filtration from the capillaries, which causes fluid to build up in the abdomen in a condition known as __________.

a) decrease; jaundice b) increase; ascites c) stabilization; hematoma d) decrease; cirrhosis

increase; ascites

In the cirrhosis case study, the underproduction of albumin by the liver results in a decrease in __________, which prevents fluid from being pulled back into the blood and leads to a condition called __________.

a) hydrostatic pressure; jaundice b) oncotic pressure; ascites c) blood glucose; ketoacidosis d) insulin; diabetes

oncotic pressure; ascites

The epigastric region, where stomach and duodenal ulcers are typically felt, is located in the __________ and is served by the __________ nerve. a) lower right abdomen; sciatic b) upper central abdomen; vagus (CN X) c) upper left abdomen; phrenic d) pelvic cavity; glossopharyngeal

upper central abdomen; vagus (CN X)

In the case study regarding Mr. Volpe’s ulcer, the stomach acid that contributes to the breakdown of his digestive lining is secreted by __________ and its production is regulated by factors such as __________.

a) chief cells; insulin and glucagon b) parietal cells; histamine, gastrin, and the vagus nerve c) goblet cells; secretin and CCK d) hepatocytes; bile and bilirubin

parietal cells; histamine, gastrin, and the vagus nerve

In the case study regarding Mr. Volpe’s alimentary canal, the layer responsible for secretion and absorption is the __________, while the layer composed of smooth muscle responsible for movement (peristalsis) is the __________.

a) submucosa; serosa b) mucosa; muscularis externa c) serosa; mucosa d) muscularis externa; submucosa

mucosa; muscularis externa

In the case study regarding Mr. Volpe’s alimentary canal, the __________ is the layer of connective tissue containing blood vessels and nerves, while the __________ serves as the outer protective covering.

a) mucosa; muscularis externa b) submucosa; serosa c) serosa; mucosa d) muscularis externa; submucosa

submucosa; serosa

In the peptic ulcer case study, the mucosa of the stomach is characterized by __________ for acid secretion, whereas the duodenal mucosa contains __________ for absorption and protection.

a) villi; gastric pits b) gastric pits; villi c) rugae; goblet cells d) cilia; microvilli

gastric pits; villi

The "buffering effect" in the duodenum, which protects its walls from acidic gastric juice, is primarily achieved by the release of __________ from the pancreas. a) bile b) bicarbonate c) trypsin d) pepsin

bicarbonate

What is the “buffering effect” in the duodenum?
A. Increasing acid secretion
B. Neutralizing stomach acid
C. Producing bile
D. Absorbing nutrients

Neutralizing stomach acid

Which of the following chemical messengers is a direct regulator that stimulates the secretion of stomach acid? a) Histamine b) CCK c) Insulin d) Secretin

Histamine

In the case study regarding Mr. Volpe’s ulcer, gastric juice is especially hostile to the exposed duodenal wall because, in addition to hydrochloric acid, it contains the enzyme __________, which can __________ if the protective mucosa is damaged.

a) amylase; break down complex sugars b) pepsin; digest the body's own protein-based tissues c) bile; neutralize the acidic pH d) lactase; ferment milk sugars

pepsin; digest the body's own protein-based tissues

 A duodenal ulcer often causes pain that is temporarily relieved by __________ but becomes aggravated 2–4 hours later as the stomach empties. a) exercise b) lying down c) food d) drinking water

food

In the follow-up endoscopy for Mr. Volpe’s healed ulcer, a healthy and functional duodenum is characterized by a __________ appearance and a(n) __________ mucosa.

a) rough; ulcerated b) smooth; intact c) yellow; inflamed d) scarred; dry

smooth; intact

In the "Mr. Boulard" case study regarding ketoacidosis, the patient’s lab results showed a blood pressure of 95/58 mmHg and a heart rate of 110 bpm These values are __________ and __________ respectively. a) low; high b) high; high c) high; low d) typical; low

low; high

In the "Mr. Boulard" case study regarding ketoacidosis, the patient’s lab results showed blood ketones of 22 mg/dL and a urine glucose of positive. These values are __________ and __________, respectively. a) low; positive b) high; negative c) high; low d) typical; low

high; negative