Research Methods

Naturalistic observation

A research method where the researcher observes subjects in their natural environment without intervening or manipulating the situation to study behavior in its natural context.

Case study

An in-depth study of one individual or small group.

Survey Method

Collecting data from people by asking questions, typically through surveys or interviews.

Experiment

A carefully controlled scientific procedure to determine whether manipulated variables have a causal effect on other variables.

Hypothesis

A testable prediction or guess about what will happen in an experiment.

Independent variable

The variable that is manipulated or changed in an experiment to observe its effect on the dependent variable.

Dependent variable

What you measure in an experiment; it changes based on the independent variable.

Control group

The participants who were not exposed to the IV.

Experimental group

The participants in an experiment who are exposed to the IV.

Cofounding variables

Variables that are not being studied but could affect the dependent variable, complicating the determination of the independent variable's effect.

Informed Consent

Participants must be aware of the study's purpose and agree to participate without coercion.

The right to be protected from harm

Researchers must ensure no one experiences physical or mental harm during the study.

Confidentiality

The obligation to keep participants' information private and not share personal details without permission.

Debriefing

Participants must receive a full explanation of the research after their involvement is completed.