Research Methods

Naturalistic observation: A research method where the researcher observes subjects in their natural environment without intervening or manipulating the situation. The goal is to study behavior in its natural context without influencing it.

Case study: In-depth study of one individual or small group.

Survey Method: Collecting data from people by asking questions (surveys or interviews).

Experiment: A carefully controlled scientific procedure that determines whether variables manipulated by the experimenter have a causal effect on other variables.

Hypothesis: A testable prediction or guess about what will happen in an experiment.

Independent variable: The variable that is manipulated or changed in an experiment to observe its effect on the dependent variable. It is the cause or factor that is being tested. Example: In an experiment testing the effect of light on plant growth, the independent variable would be the amount or type of light the plant receive.

Dependent variable: What you measure in an experiment. It changes based on the independent variable. Example: In an experiment testing the effect of light on plant growth, the plant's growth (height or number of leaves) is the dependent variable.

Control group: Group that does not get the experimental treatment. Used for comparison.

Experimental group: Group that gets the treatment or manipulation in an experiment.

Cofounding variables: Variables that are not being studied but could affect the dependent variable, making it difficult to determine if the independent variable is causing the effect.

Informed Consent: participants must know what the study is about and agree to join without any pressure.

The right to be protected from harm: researchers must make sure no one gets physically or mentally hurt during the study.

Confidentiality: Keep participant’s info private! No sharing personal details without permission.

Debriefing: After the study, participants must receive a full explanation of the research when their involvement is done.