Global 9 Final Review Notes

Practice flashcards covering the development of civilizations from the Paleolithic Era through the Age of Exploration, including major religions, classical empires, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance.

How did humans live during the Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age)?

They were nomads in small groups, hunted wild animals, gathered plants, and used simple stone tools.

What major shift occurred around $10,000\,BCE$ during the Neolithic Revolution?

Directly discovered how to farm and domesticate animals, allowing for permanent village settlements.

How did Mesopotamians adapt to their environment near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers?

They built irrigation canals to water crops and prevent flooding.

What advanced urban planning features were found in Indus River valley cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro?

They used grid streets and drainage systems, showing an understanding of engineering.

Which ancient Chinese civilization technique was used to control the Yellow River and manage farming?

They developed terraces and early techniques for controlling water flow.

What were the two primary writing systems developed in Mesopotamia and Egypt?

Cuneiform in Mesopotamia and hieroglyphics in Egypt.

What was Hammurabi’s Code?

One of the first written law systems, developed in Mesopotamia.

What are the four key concepts of Hinduism described in the notes?

Karma (result of actions), dharma (duties), reincarnation, and moksha (release from the cycle of rebirth).

What is the caste system in Hinduism?

A rigid social hierarchy where people are born into their caste and occupation without the ability to move to another.

Who founded Buddhism in the $500s\,BCE$?

Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha.

What guide for ethical behavior and mental discipline is central to Buddhism?

The Eightfold Path.

What is monotheism, as introduced by Judaism?

The belief in one God.

What is the sacred text of Judaism?

The Torah.

What is the core focus of Confucianism?

Proper behavior, respect for elders (filial piety), education, and social harmony through relationships.

What symbol represents balance in the universe for Daoists?

The yin-yang symbol.

Who do Christians believe is the Son of God and the Messiah?

Jesus of Nazareth.

Who is the prophet of Islam who received revelations from Allah?

Muhammad.

What are the Five Pillars of Islam?

Declaration of faith, performing five daily prayers, charity, fasting during Ramadan, and the Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca).

How did geography affect the political structure of Greece?

Mountainous terrain separated communities into independent city-states like Athens and Sparta.

What was the significance of Alexander the Great's conquests?

He spread Hellenistic culture across Persia, Egypt, and parts of India.

What was the Pax Romana?

A period of stability and wealth in Rome that lasted about $200$ years.

In the feudal system, what was a 'fief'?

Land given by kings to nobles and knights in exchange for loyalty and military service.

What was the economic system of manorialism based on?

The manor, a large self-sufficient estate owned by a lord and worked by peasants or serfs.

When were the Crusades fought, and between which groups?

They were religious wars between Christians and Muslims fought between $1096$ and $1291$.

What proportion of Europe's population was killed by the Black Death in the mid-$1300s$?

An estimated one-third of the population.

What was the importance of Constantinople's location?

It was between Europe and Asia, making it a major center of trade and culture.

In $1054$, what event led to the development of the Eastern Orthodox Church?

The Great Schism, which resulted from disagreements with the Roman Catholic Church.

What was humanism during the Renaissance?

A movement inspired by ancient Greece and Rome that emphasized human potential and achievement.

What invention by Johannes Gutenberg helped spread knowledge and literacy during the Renaissance?

The printing press.

Who developed the heliocentric theory stating the sun is the center of the universe?

Nicolaus Copernicus.

What did Martin Luther post in $1517$ to criticize the Roman Catholic Church?

The Ninety-Five Theses.

What was the Pax Mongolica?

The 'Mongol Peace' which made travel along the Silk Roads safer for trade and communication.

What were 'chinampas' used by the Aztecs?

Floating gardens used as advanced farming systems.

How did the Inca adapt to life in the Andes Mountains?

They built roads, bridges, and terraces for farming.

Which Spanish conquistadors defeated the Aztecs and the Incas?

Hern!n Cort#s defeated the Aztecs and Francisco Pizarro defeated the Incas.