Hist Ch18 19

geocentric theory

The idea that Earth is the center of the universe and all planets revolve around it.

Scientific Revolution

A period of new scientific ideas based on observation

heliocentric theory

The idea that the sun is at the center of the universe and planets revolve around it.

Galileo Galilei

Scientist who used a telescope to support the heliocentric theory and challenged Church teachings.

scientific method

A logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas through observation and experimentation.

Isaac Newton

Scientist who discovered universal gravitation and unified motion of planets and Earth.

deism

The belief that God created the universe but does not interfere with human life.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement stressing reason

social contract

An agreement where people give up some freedom in exchange for government protection.

John Locke

Philosopher who argued that people have natural rights: life

philosophe

Enlightenment thinkers who used reason to discuss politics and society.

rationalism

The belief that truth should be found through logic and reason.

Voltaire

Writer who promoted free speech

Montesquieu

Philosopher who proposed separation of powers and checks and balances.

Rousseau

Philosopher who believed in popular sovereignty and the general will of the people.

salons

Social gatherings where Enlightenment thinkers exchanged ideas.

baroque

An artistic style full of drama

neoclassical

Simple

Mary Wollstonecraft

Writer who argued for women’s education and equality.

enlightened despot

Absolute rulers who used Enlightenment ideas to make reforms.

Catherine the Great

Russian ruler who embraced Enlightenment ideas but expanded absolute power.

Declaration of Independence

Document declaring American independence based on natural rights.

Thomas Jefferson

Author of the Declaration of Independence; supporter of natural rights.

checks and balances

Government system where each branch limits the others.

federal system

A system dividing power between national and state governments.

Bill of Rights

First ten amendments guaranteeing individual freedoms.

Old Regime

The social and political system of France before the Revolution.

estate

Social classes of France: clergy

Louis XVI

King of France during the Revolution; executed.

Marie Antoinette

Queen of France known for extravagance; executed.

Estates-General

Assembly of representatives from all three estates.

National Assembly

Revolutionary group formed by the Third Estate to create reforms.

Tennis Court Oath

Pledge by National Assembly members to write a new constitution.

Great Fear

Panic among peasants after rumors of noble violence.

Legislative Assembly

Government body created by the Constitution of 1791.

émigré

Nobles who fled France and wanted the Old Regime restored.

sans-culotte

Radical working-class revolutionaries.

Jacobin

Radical political group that led major revolutionary changes.

guillotine

Execution device used heavily during the Revolution.

Maximilien Robespierre

Leader of the Reign of Terror.

Reign of Terror

Period of extreme violence under Robespierre.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Military leader who became emperor of France.

coup d’état

Sudden overthrow of a government.

plebiscite

A vote of the people to approve a new constitution or ruler.

lycée

Government-run public school.

concordat

Agreement between Napoleon and the pope restoring Church influence.

Napoleonic Code

Napoleon’s legal system emphasizing order and authority.

Battle of Trafalgar

British naval victory that ended Napoleon’s hopes of invading Britain.

blockade

A forcible closing of ports.

Continental System

Napoleon’s policy to destroy Britain’s economy.

guerrilla

Small groups using surprise attacks.

Peninsular War

Conflict where Spain and Britain fought against Napoleon.

scorched-earth policy

Strategy of burning crops and livestock to starve the enemy.

Waterloo

Battle where Napoleon was finally defeated.

Hundred Days

Period of Napoleon’s brief return to power.

Congress of Vienna

Meeting to restore stability after Napoleon.

Klemens von Metternich

Leader of the Congress of Vienna.

balance of power

Idea of keeping nations equal in strength.

legitimacy

Restoring rightful rulers to their thrones.

Holy Alliance

Agreement to uphold Christian values and fight revolution.

Concert of Europe

Alliance ensuring nations would help each other stop revolutions.

geocentric theory

地心說

Scientific Revolution

科學革命

heliocentric theory

日心說

Galileo Galilei

伽利略

scientific method

科學方法

Isaac Newton

牛頓

deism

自然神論

Enlightenment

啟蒙運動

social contract

社會契約

John Locke

洛克

philosophe

啟蒙思想家

rationalism

理性主義

Voltaire

伏爾泰

Montesquieu

孟德斯鳩

Rousseau

盧梭

salons

沙龍

baroque

巴洛克風格

neoclassical

新古典風格

Mary Wollstonecraft

瑪麗．沃斯通克拉夫特

enlightened despot

開明專制君主

Catherine the Great

凱薩琳大帝

Declaration of Independence

獨立宣言

Thomas Jefferson

傑佛遜

checks and balances

制衡制度

federal system

聯邦制度

Bill of Rights

權利法案

Old Regime

舊制度

estate

等級制度

Louis XVI

路易十六

Marie Antoinette

瑪麗．安托瓦內特

Estates-General

三級會議

National Assembly

國民議會

Tennis Court Oath

網球場宣誓

Great Fear

大恐慌

Legislative Assembly

立法議會

émigré

逃亡貴族

sans-culotte

無套褲者

Jacobin

雅各賓派

guillotine

斷頭台