A&P II- Immune Response

Thrombocytes and Erythrocytes

• Myeloid stem cell→ megakaryoblast→ megakaryocytes→

  • platelets: involved in clotting and inflammation

• myeloid stem cell→ erythroblast→

  • erythrocyte: carry O2 and CO2

Myeloblast/ Granulated Leukocytes

• Myeloid stem cell→ myeloblast→

  • mast cells: similar to basophils; trigger inflammation and allergic symptoms. Granules containing histamine and serotonine

• Myeloid stem cell→ myeloblast→

  • neutrophils: phagocytes of bacteria

• Myeloid stem cell→ myeloblast→

  • basophils: inflammation and allergies

• Myeloid stem cell→ myeloblast→

  • eosinophils: active in worm fungal infections and allergic reactions

Monoblast/ Agranulated Leukocytes

• myeloid stem cell → monoblast→ monocytes→

  • dendrite cells:relatives of macrophages

• myeloid stem cell → monoblast→ monocytes→

  • macrophages: largest phagocytes

Lymphoid stem cell/ Agranulated Leukocytes/Lymphocytes

• myeloid stem cell → hematopoietic stem cell (in bone marrow)→ lymphoid stem cell →

  • t cells: mature in thymus

• myeloid stem cell → hematopoietic stem cell (in bone marrow)→ lymphoid stem cell:

  • b cells: mature in bone marrow and differentiate into plasma cells which make antibodies

• myeloid stem cell → hematopoietic stem cell (in bone marrow)→ lymphoid stem cell→

  • natural killer cells: related to t cells but lack specificity; active against cancerous cells and virally infected cells.

Immunology

• study of immune system or exemption from disease

  • distinguish self from nonself

  • nonself entities that provoke immune response- antigens

  • any substance that elicits an immune response (immunogen)

Healthy immune system

• surveillance of body

• recognition of foreign material

• destruction of foreign entities

Antigen (Ag)

• provokes an immune response in lymphocytes

• perceived as foreign, not a normal constituent of body

• foreign cells and large complex molecules over 10,000 MW are most antigenic

• haptens- not antigenic unless attached to larger carrier

• antigenic determinant, epitope- small molecular group that is recognized by lymphocytes. antigen has many antigenic determinant

Essential Definitions

• allergens are also antigens

• antigens are proteins, but lipids and carbs

• antibody (immunoglobulin)

• non-self

innate resistance

• innate- (nonspecific) disease resistance

  • First line of defense: mechanical barrier (hair,skin),

  • Second line of defence: chemical barriers, normal flora, phagocytosis

  • phagocytic white blood cells, inflammation, fever, complement, interferon

• acquired

  • Third line of defense: b and t lymphocytes

  • antibodies

Infection- condition which pathogenic microbes penetrate host defenses, enter tissues and multiply

disease- any deviation from health, disruption of a tissue or organ caused by microbes or their products

Antibodies/ Immunoglobilins

antibody (Y shaped)

• light chain: (variable region) different for strain

  • hinge region

  • antigen binding cites

• heavy chain

antibodies Y connect to antigens and agglutinate

• proteins produce mature B react specifically with Ag that induce them

• humoral immunity

• 5 basic antibodies

4 polypeptide chains

• identical fragments

First exposure to AG

• primary response

• igM spike

• IgG spike

Second exposure

• more immediate b/c memory cells

• anamnestic responses

• IgM spike normal

• IgG spike immediate and stronger

Immunoglobulins: 5 antibodies

all found in gamma globulin fraction of serum

IgG- prominent in plasma

IgA- antibody found on mucosal surfaces

IgM- 5x size of IgG- 1st produced in immune response

IgE- found on surfaces of mast cells; causes severe allergic reactions- anaphylaxis

IgD- main function to serve as recepter for antigen on B cells along wiht IgM (tiggering molecule for B cell activation)

Physical anatomical barriers and Resident (normal flora)

• outermost layer of skin

• flushing effect of sweat glands

• damaged cells rapidly replaced

• mucous coat impedes attachment and entry of bacteria

• blinking and tear production

• stomach acid

• nasal hair traps larger particles

Resident (normal flora)

• bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses, and arthropods

• outside contact with outside environment

• large intestine highest numbers of bacteria

• internal organs and tissues and fluids microbe free

• bacterial floral benefit host by preventing overgrowth of harmful microbes

Portal of entry

• holes

Acquired Immunity

• natural:

• artificial:

• natural passive: get sick

• natural active:

• acquired passive:

• acquired active:

• usually very specific with rare exceptions

• usually life-long

• often considered antibodies

Definitions

innate resistance/ acquired immunity/ passive immunity/

humoral immunity/ cellular immunity/ diplomatic immunity/ antibody/ antigen/

immunoglobulin/ hapten/ allergen/ precipitation reaction/ agglutination reaction/

definitions pt 2

species resistance/ prostaglandins/ cytokines/ lymphokines/ interleukin 1 and 2/ leukocytosis/

leukopenia/ agammaglobulinemia/ atopy/ anaphylaxis/ immune complex disease/

autoimmune disease/ bacteremia/ toxemia/ viremia/ complement/ serology/

Identify the following leukocytes and be prepared to discuss their role in immunity: neutrophil/ eosinophil/ basophil/ mast cells/ monocyte/ macrophage/ T-lymphocyte/ B-lymphocyte/ memory cells/ NK cells/ T helper cells/ T suppressor cells/ T cytotoxic cells/

Briefly discuss the components of the lymphatic system and their role in immunity. Discuss the location and function of the major lymphoid organs, glands and nodes

What is the importance of the normal flora in innate resistance? Cite one example of the protective nature of the body’s normal flora.

What are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation? What is largely responsible for these signs?

Explain the physiological mechanisms of aspirin, ibuprophen, and corticosteroids as they relate to the immune response

What are the effects of histamine release

Why do people suffer from immunodeficiency disease? How do they get them? Identify factors responsible for these diseases.

What is immunological hypersensitivity? Know the differences between types I, II, III, and IV (hypersensitivities)

What is autoimmune disease? Give a few examples of autoimmune diseases. What factors are responsible for the production of these diseases?

Understand the difference between a primary and anamnestic immune response. Which cells are responsible for these responses?

Name the 5 types of immunoglobulins and include the major functions of each

How do serological tests aid in the diagnosis of disease? Does positive serology really indicate a person is suffering from the disease?

Know the principles of agglutination reactions, precipitation reactions, RIA, and ELISA. Understand the advantages of each (covered in lab).

What is the difference between a direct and indirect immune assays. What is the advantage of indirect methods (covered in lab)?

What is the effect of aging on immunity? General health? Vitamin deficiency?

Discuss innate mechanisms of resistance with regard to each of the following body systems: respiratory tract, urinary tract, digestive tract, integumentary system, and central nervous system.

Compare the use of vaccines with the use of antibiotics. Which do you think is more effective and why?