HOA 2 (AUSAT)

Judaea

BIRTHPLACE of Christianity

Christianity

Religion of the LOWER CLASS until it became the UNIVERSAL RELIGION after the edict of MILAN.

Charlemagne

The empire was called Holy Roman Empire during his reign as pope.

Constantine

Changed the capital of the empire from ROME to BYZANTIUM; lifelong PAGAN, but baptized in his deathbed

Basilica

place for CHRISTIAN WORSHIP and erected over the burial place of a saint

Clerestory

high nave wall and pierced with windows to admit light

Walls (Early Christian Architecture)

rubble or concrete faced with plaster, brick or stone; emphasis on INTERNAL WORSHIP

Colorful Glass Mosaic/ Stained Glass

purely for decoration rather than as a pictorial explanation of the bible

Timber Roof System (Early Christian Architecture)

simple king and queen post trusses

Atrium

Open FORECOURT surrounded by ARCADES (Parts of a Basilican Church)

Narthex

Between the ATRIUM and the CHURCH, used by PENITENTS. (Parts of a Basilican Church)

Nave

SEATING AREA for worshippers (Parts of a Basilican Church)

Aisles

Located on BOTH SIDES of the nave. (Parts of a Basilican Church)

Cancelli

SCREEN WALL ENCLOSING the CHOIR (Parts of a Basilican Church)

Ambo/ Pulpit

Place where priest READS the gospel and delivers HOMILY. (Parts of a Basilican Church)

Transept

SIDE PROJECTIONS of a church. (Parts of a Basilican Church)

Bema

RAISED PLATFORM on the altar. (Parts of a Basilican Church)

Altar

Place where priest OFFICIATES MASS. (Parts of a Basilican Church)

Baldachino

COLUMNS OVER THE ALTAR. (Parts of a Basilican Church)

Apse

CIRCULAR TERMINATION of a church. (Parts of a Basilican Church)

Baptisteries

Separate buildings used only for the sacrament of BAPTISM

Tomb (Early Christian Architecture)

Expression of faith in IMMORTALITY and MEMORIAL to the dead. Christianity strongly denounces cremation.

Catacombs

Network of SUBTERRANEAN CHAMBERS and galleries used for burial purposes.

Byzantine Architecture

Eastern Roman Empire; new Roman Capital BYZANTIUM which later became CONSTANTINOPLE

Byzantine Construction Materials

CLAY for Bricks, RUBBLE for concrete

Roman Catholic

Western Church in Rome (LATIN CHURCH)

Eastern Orthodox

Eastern Church in Constantinople (GREEK CHURCH)

Edict Of Milan

Order by Constantine to grant TOLERANCE OF CHRISTIANS

Architectural Character during the Byzantine Period

1. Absence of figures

2. Centralized plan

3. Dome became prevalent

4. Ends are cut off by Iconostas

5. Clay made into bricks and rubble as main materials

6. Flat roofs combined with domes

7. Small windows and arcades were chief features.

Iconoclasm

Image breaking

Iconoclastic Movement

Order that FORBADE all representations of HUMAN or ANIMAL forms in sculptures.

Iconostasis

Icon Screen; wall of icons and religious paintings separating the nave from the sanctuary in a church

Pendentive

triangular curved overhanging surface to support a circular dome over a square or polygonal compartment

Simple Dome

DOME and PENDENTIVE are parts of the SAME SPHERE.

Compound Dome

Dome constructed SEPARATELY from the pendentive.

Special Domes

Ribbed Dome, Bulbous dome, Serrated dome with jagged edges

Mosaic

decorative art created by ASSEMBLING SMALL PIECES OF GLASS, tiles or other materials

Tessarae

Piece of material used in MAKING MOSAIC

Fish (Ikhtus)

Symbol for JESUS (Byzantine Motifs)

Dove

Symbol of PEACE and UNITY (Byzantine Motifs)

Peacock

Emblem of IMMORTALITY and RESURRECTION (Byzantine Motifs)

Lamb (Good Shepherd)

Refers to JESUS' role as SACRIFICE. (Byzantine Motifs)

Grapevine

Idea of VITAL UNION of the believers of christ. (Byzantine Motifs)

Endless Knot

Emblem of ETERNITY (Byzantine Motifs)

Chi Rho

Invokes the CRUCIFIXION of Jesus as well as symbolizing his status as CHRIST. (Byzantine Motifs)

Fresco Painting

Painting on FRESH MOIST PLASTER with pigments dissolved in water.

Opus Alexandrium

Tiny geometry coloured stones arranged in intricate patterns dotted with large disks of stones. (Floor Pavements)

Opus Sectile

Made from LARGER cut pieces of tile or stone. (Floor Pavements)

Opus Tessellatum

usually used for backgrounds consisting of tiny pieces of tesserae

Romanesque Style

Derived from the ROMAN STYLE or ROMAN-LIKE, greatly inspired by Christianity, the desire to articulate to stress every structural division to produce UNIFIED COMPOSITION

Romanesque Construction Materials

terra cotta, bricks, concrete, marble, stones

North Romanesque Style

large windows to admit light, high-pitched roofs to throw off snow

South Romanesque Style

small openings to exclude dazzling sunshine

Christianity (Romanesque Period)

The chief source of education and culture.

Romanesque Architectural Plans (General Feature)

• basic Roman basilica

• CRYPT beneath the altar housed the relics of a saint

• Small churches are generally without aisles

• Large churches are flanked by aisles and divided by an arcade

• Abbey churches and cathedrals often had transepts

Narthex (Parts of a Romanesque Church)

Church’s Lobby

Aisles (Parts of a Romanesque Church)

passageways on either side of nave

Nave (Parts of a Romanesque Church)

central part to accommodate the congregation

Transept (Parts of a Romanesque Church)

area set crosswise to the nave forming a Latin cross plan

Apse (Parts of a Romanesque Church)

semi-circular, vaulted part oriented on the east towards Jerusalem

Ambulatory (Parts of a Romanesque Church)

semi-circular passageway behind the apse

Absidial / Absidioles (Parts of a Romanesque Church)

radiating side chapels for relics of saints

Triforium (Parts of a Romanesque Church)

Above the aisle

Clerestory Windows

Above the gallery

Romanesque Style Roof (General Feature)

• Towers with STEEP ROOFS

• TWO TOWERS on the west entrance

• Tower above crossing of nave and transept

• Pitched roof with gables aisles covered by groin vaults

• Naves are covered by barrel vaults

• SQUINCH ARCHES used to bridge the corners of a square to form a base for an octagonal tower

Quadripartite Vault

used for square bay.

Sexpartite Vault

used for oblong bay

Romanesque Style Walls (General Feature)

• CORBELS were projecting stones

• Pilaster strips with ARCHED moulding

• Shallow buttresses lean against walls

Lombard Band

Decorative blind arcade

Corbel Table

Row of Corbels

Romanesque Style Openings (General Feature)

• ARCH for doors and windows.

• Doors deeply RECESSED

• ROSE WINDOW is used

• Windows Narrow and SMALL.

Colonette (Romanesque Openings)

a small slender column, usually decorative

Trumeau

Pillar dividing a large doorway in a church

Archivolt (Romanesque Openings)

an ornamental moulding or band following the curve on the underside of an arch

Colonnette (Romanesque Openings)

a small slender column, usually decorative

Tympanum (Romanesque Openings)

a semi-circular decorative wall surface over an entrance door

Romanesque Style Columns (General Feature)

• MASSIVE and CYLINDRICAL

• Cushion Capital with dosseret blockcushion capital

Romanesque Style Moldings (General Feature)

Elaborately carved

Romanesque Style Ornaments (General Feature)

stained glass, mosaic art, fresco painting, manuscript graphic art

Romanesque Architecture

Picturesque, Somber, Dignified

Monastery

establishment for monks or nuns

Monastic Village

Group of buildings designed as a a self-sufficient community FOR THE MONKS

Cloister Court

chapter house, sacristy, dormitory, refectory, kitchen

Inner Court

infirmary, guest house, kitchen, servant’s hall, library and scriptorium

Common Court

Granaries, bake houses, stable, store room, abbot's lodging and barn.

Fortified Towns

Political struggles resulted in the rebuilding and strengthening of walls that remained from the Roman period

Romanesque in Central Italy

Ornamental façade created by dwarf galleries (blind arcaded gallery recessed into the thickness of the wall)

Romanesque in North Italy

• Flat FACADE with projecting porch

• Innovation was RIBBED VAULT

• Lombard band

Romanesque in South Italy and Sicily

• Colored Mosaic

• Stripes of colored marbles

• Stilted pointed arches

• Coupled Columns

Romanesque in Germany

• THREE APSE plan of a trefoil form (church planning)

• Large churches have APSES at both ends

• HELM ROOF (4 gables forming a pyramidal roof with 4 diamond shaped sides)

• Walls have PILASTER STRIPS

• Multiple circular and octagonal TURRETS

• COLOURED bricks

Romanesque in France

• Large churches of southern France may be without aisles

• Churches generally have transepts

• apse with ambulatory that is almost as high as the walls

• Use of Caen Stone, Pumice and Tufa materials

Castle

Fortified structure that serves a range of purpose which were MILITARY, ADMINISTRATIVE, and DOMESTIC.

Crusades

Series of Christian Society of Knights tasked to restore control of the HOLY LAND from Muslim Aggression.

Knight's Templar

Founded to PROTECT HOLY PLACES in Palestine and SAFEGUARD the pilgrim routes to Jerusalem. Most oldest of the military orders. Most skilled in fighting.

Knights Hospitaller

Founded to PROTECT and CARE for the SICK and INJURED PILGRIMS to the HOLY LAND.

Keep/ Donjon

Inner TOWER for REFUGE during a siege (Castle Features)

Curtain Wall

Enclosing DEFENSIVE WALLS of a castle (Castle Features)

Talus/ Glacis

Bold SLOPING THICKNESS AT THE FOOT OF WALLS to protect them from undermining. (Castle Features)

Gatehouse

contained SERIES OF DEFENSES to make direct assault more difficult than battering down a simple gate. (Castle Features)

Drawbridge

WOODEN BRIDGE leading to a gateway capable of being RAISED or LOWERED to accomodate or prevent entry. (Castle Features)