Final Exam Review

Culture

A shared system of beliefs, values, behaviors, norms, and traditions learned and passed down within a group.

Characteristics of All Cultures

1. Holistic 2. Learned 3. Shared 4. Meaningful 5. Symbolic

Culture Onion

A model showing layers of culture: outer layer (behaviors, customs), middle layer (values, norms), and core layer (deep beliefs, worldview).

Individualism

Focus on personal goals, independence, and self-expression, common in mainstream American culture.

Collectivism

Focus on group harmony, interdependence, and shared responsibility, strong in Deaf culture.

Time-oriented Cultures

Cultures that value schedules, punctuality, and deadlines, encapsulated in the phrase 'Time is money.'

Event-oriented Cultures

Cultures that value completing events fully over strict adherence to schedules, prioritizing relationships.

People-oriented

Cultures that prioritize relationships, rapport, and connections.

Task-oriented

Cultures that prioritize efficiency, productivity, and goals.

Holistic Thinking

Big-picture thinking where context matters and multiple truths can coexist.

Dichotomistic Thinking

Black-and-white thinking that categorizes situations into clear right or wrong.

Monochronic

A time orientation where tasks are done one at a time with rigid schedules.

Polychronic

A time orientation where multiple tasks are handled simultaneously with flexible time.

Xenophobia

Fear or distrust of people from different cultures.

Ethnocentrism

Belief that one's own culture is superior, leading to judgment of other cultures.

Reciprocity

Mutual exchange of information, help, or support, valued in Deaf culture.

Straight Talk

Direct, clear communication without ambiguity, especially valued in visual communication contexts.

Cultural vs. Medical Models of Deafness

Medical model views deafness as a disability to be fixed, while cultural model views it as a cultural/linguistic identity.

90% Rule

90% of Deaf children are born to hearing parents; highlights cultural mismatch and language deprivation risks.

Enculturation

The process of learning one's culture, often delayed for Deaf individuals until engaging with Deaf peers.

Dinner Table Syndrome

Isolation of Deaf individuals during family meals, leading to lack of incidental learning.

Oppression

Systemic, institutional, or internalized discrimination against a group.

Privilege

Unearned advantages given to certain groups, such as hearing privilege.

Paternalism

Making decisions for Deaf individuals 'for their own good,' often by hearing professionals.

Colonialism

Imposing one group's language/culture on another, such as enforcing oralism on Deaf children.

Audism

Discrimination based on ability to hear or speak, reflecting a belief in the superiority of hearing people.

Linguisticism

Discrimination based on language, devaluing certain languages such as ASL.

Deaf President Now (1988)

A protest at Gallaudet University demanding a Deaf president, resulting in the appointment of Dr. I. King Jordan.

Milan Congress (1880)

An international conference that banned the use of sign language in education, significantly impacting Deaf education.

ABC Stories

ASL storytelling technique using the alphabet in sequence, showcasing creativity and cultural expression.

Oral Culture

A culture where history and stories are passed down through face-to-face interaction rather than written texts.

Types of Deaf Literature

Includes ASL poetry, ABC stories, number stories, classifier stories, personal narratives, folklore, and Deaf humor.

Importance of Storytelling

Preserves culture and history, transmits values and identity, and builds community.

Cochlear implants and identity

While they provide access to sound, they complicate identity development and perspectives within the Deaf community.