Cranial Nerves/Brain/Eye/ Ear Functions

Olfactory

Sense of smell

Optic

Nerve for Vision

Oculomotor

Moving eyeball, opening the eye, constructing the pupil

Trochelar

Somatic motor neurons moves the eye medially and inferiorly

Trigeminal

Mandibular- closes the jaw, supplys masseter and tempolaris muscle.

Abducens

Abducts the gaze when it turns the eye laterally.

Facial

Supply the muscles of facial expressions and other facial muscles.

Vestibulocochelar

Maintenance of balance and equilibrium

Glossopharyngeal

Swallowing movements, parasympathetic neurons trigger salivation ( salty or acidic)

Vagus

Supply muscles pharynx and larynx ( voice box) that contracts during speaking/swallowing

Accessory

The cranial component of the accessory nerve innervates certain muscles of speech, whereas the spinal component innervates muscles that move the head and shoulder.

Hypoglossal

Motor nerve innervates the muscles of the tongue-plays no roll in taste.

Longitudinal Fissure

Long deep Grove that separates left and right cerebral hemisphere

Temporal lobe

Involved with hearing, language, memory, and emotions

Insula Lobe

Thought to be involved in Functions related to taste and viscera ( internal organs)

Frontal Lobe

Responsible for planning and executing movement and complex mental functions such as behavior, conscience, and personality.

Central Sulcus

Shallow groove that is the posterior border of the frontal lobe

Occiptal Lobe

Process all information related to vision

Precentral Gyrus

Contains the primary motor cortex

Parietal Lobe

Responsible for processing and interrogating sensory information and function in attention

Post central Gyrus

Contains the primary somatosensory cortex

Cerebellum

Coordinate Movement

Pons

Regulates movement, breathing,reflexes, and complex functions associated with sleep and arousal.

Corpus Callosum

The largest commissural fibers that connects the right and left hemispheres

Fornix

C- shaped ring of white matter; main output tract

Medulla Oblongata

Most inferior structure of brainstem; continuous with spinal cord at foramen Magnum

Thalamus

Main entry route of sensory data into cerebral cortex; Relay station that receives input , integrate information, then send information to specific motor or sensory areas in the cerebral cortex

Choroid Plexus

Where majority of CSF is manufactured; found in each of four ventricles where blood vessels come into direct contact with ependymal cells

Hypothalamus

Regulate the autonomic nervous system, sleep/wake cycle, thirst and hunger, and body temperature

Arbor Vitae

Branching tracts of white matter located within the cerebellum: resembles a tree

Lateral Ventricle

Cavity that is continuous with the central canal of spinal cord. Lined with ependymal cells. Filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Spinal Cord

Nervous tissue that is a relay station and a processing station

Pineal Gland

Endocrine organ that resembles a pine cone; it secretes melatonin

Fourth Ventricle

Between pons and cerebellum; connected to third ventricle by cerebral aqueduct

Mammillary Bodies

Recevies input from the hippocampus; Plays a roll in memory and behavior

Superior rectus Muscle

Moves the eye superiorly ; assists in pulling the eye medially

Inferior rectus muscle

Moves the eye inferiorly

Medial vectus muscle

Pulls the eye medially

Lateral rectus

Pulls the eye laterally

Inferior Oblique

Rotates the eye; Elevates the eye; moves the eye laterally

Optic disc

Portion of the retina where the axons of the optic nerve gather and exit the posterior of the eye; aka your blind spot

Cornea

Translucent; allows light to enter the eye

Vorticise/Cirli veins

Blood vessels that supply and drain the choroid layer

Choroid

2nd tunic, contains capillaries and pigments that reduce the scattering of lightly aka vascular layer

Sclarea

Outermost layer of the;”white” part of the eye; helps keep the eyes shape

Lens

Slightly flattened sphere located posterior to the iris and pupil; focuses light on the retina

Iris

Colored part of eye, determines how much light can pass through the pupil

Vitrious humorous

Gelatinous materially in the posterior cavity; presses the retina against the choroid; maintains the shape of the eyeball

Retina

Neural layer of the eyeball, innermost layer of the eyeball contains photo receptors cells

Ciliray Body

Contains a ring of smooth muscle that surrounds the lens; changes the shape of lens

Macula and vovea Centralis

Allows for extremely good vision

Pupil

Opening through which light enters the eye

Optic Nerve

Nerve that exits out the back of the eye at the optic disc

Lacrimal Sack

Collects the lacrimal from the lacrimal canaliculi

Optic Chasim

X-shaped structure from each half of the visual field are segregated so that they reach the opposite hemisphere of the brain.

Tensor Tympeni muscle

Pulls the tympanic membrane medially

Malleus

Shaped like a hammer; set into motion by the tympanic membrane

Vestibule

Conveys information about tilting the head and linear movement

Cochela

Spiral shaped portion of the bony labyrinth; energy from sound waves are transmitted into nerual impulses

Auricle/Pinna

Funnels sound waves into the ear; elastic cartilage covered in skin

Pharyngotymanic tube

Equalizes pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane; normally closed

Incus

Set into motion by the malleus

Oval window

Plays a art into the conversion of mechanical waves into fluid movement

Ampula

Bulb shaped structure that contains a cluster of hair cells that are embedded in a gelatinous mass called the cupula

External Acosutic Meatus

Slightly curved canal tunneled through the temporal bone that ends at the tympanic membrane

Round window

Sepreates the middle and inner ear; found in the cochlea

Vestibular cochelar nerve

Auditory signals travel through it

Stapes

Set into motion by the incus

Semi Circular Canals

Detects angular or rotational movements

Tympanic Membrane