Psychology Chapter 7 - Memory

memory

the persistence learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

encoding

the process of getting information into the memory system.

storage

the process of retaining ecoded information over time

retrieval

the process of getting information out of memory storage

sensory memory

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory

short-term memory

brief activities memory of a few items

• digits of phone number while calling that is later stored of forgotten

long-term memory

the relatively permanent and limitless achieve of the memory system. including;

• knowledge

• skills

• experiences

working memory

a newer understanding of short-term memory;conscious, active processing both

• incoming sensory information

• information the retrieved from long-term memory.

implicit memory

retention of learned skills or classical conditioned associations; without conscious awareness (non-declarative memory)

automatic processing

unconscious encoding of everyday information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of familiar or well-learned information such as

• sound

• smell

• word meaning

explicit memory

retention of facts and personal events you cam consciously retrieve. (declarative memory)

effortful processing

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

parallel processing

processing many aspect of a stimulus or problems all at once.

chunking

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

mnemonics [nih-MON-iks]

memory aids, especially techniques that use

• vivid imagery

• organizational device

spacing effect

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention and is achieved through massed study or practice

testing effect

enhanced memory after retrieving , rather than simply re-reading, information.Other names

• retrieval practice effect

• test-enhanced learning

semantic memory

explicit memory of fact and general knowledge;s; one of our two conscious memory systems.

episodic memory

explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems

hippocampus

a neural center located in the limb system; helps process explicit (conscious) memories—of facts or event in storage

memory consolidation

the neural storage of a long-term memory

flashbulb memory

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

long-term potentiation (LTP)

an increase on a nerve cell’s firing potential after a brief, rapid stimulation. LTP, is a neural basis for learning and memory

recall

memory demonstrated by retrieving information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

recognition

memory demonstrated by identifying item previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.

relearning

memory demonstrated by time saved when learning material again.

retrieval cue

specific memories that are linked to any stimulus

• event

• feeling

• place

priming

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.

encoding specicity principle

the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it

mood-congruent memory

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with your current good or bad mood,

serial position effect

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

anterograde amnesia

an inability to form new memories

retrograde amnesia

an inability to remember information from our past

memory trace

lasting physical change in the brain as a memory forms

proactive interference

the forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information

• Learning how to math one way, then the teacher teaches you a different way. Having problem doing the problem the new way because older way is causing problems to learn the new way.

retroactive interference

the backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on recall of old information

repression

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing;

• thoughts

• feelings

• memories

reconsolidation

a process in which previously stored memories when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again.

misinformation effect

occurs when a memory has been corrupted by misleading information

source amnesia

faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learnt or aquired

deja vu

that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

mood-congruent memory