5.2 - Nationalism and Revolutions in the Period from 1750 to 1900

Declaration of Independence

A 1776 document asserting colonial independence and natural rights against British rule

Estates-General

The French representative assembly of clergy, nobility, and commoners before the revolution

Third Estate

The commoner estate in France that demanded political representation and led revolutionary change

National Assembly

The revolutionary body formed by the Third Estate to represent the French nation

Declaration of the Rights of Man

A French revolutionary document proclaiming liberty, equality, and natural rights

Reign of Terror

A radical phase of the French Revolution marked by mass executions and political repression

Toussaint L’Ouverture

The leader of the Haitian Revolution who organized enslaved rebels against French rule

Simón Bolívar

A leading independence fighter who helped liberate northern South America from Spain

Lola Rodríguez de Tió

A Puerto Rican writer who used nationalist and liberal ideas to support independence

Propaganda Movement

A Filipino reform movement that used writing to demand rights and representation under Spanish rule

Realpolitik

Politics based on practical goals and power rather than ideology or morality

Count di Cavour

The Piedmont-Sardinian leader who used diplomacy and war to unify northern Italy

Giuseppe Mazzini

An Italian nationalist thinker who promoted republicanism and national unity

Giuseppe Garibaldi

An Italian nationalist who led military campaigns to unite southern Italy

Otto van Bismarck

The Prussian statesman who unified Germany through diplomacy and calculated wars

Ottomanism

An Ottoman reform idea promoting loyalty to a shared imperial identity across ethnic groups