Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

This set of flashcards covers key concepts related to the hormonal regulation mechanisms as detailed in the lecture notes.

Endocrine System

A system of glands that secrete hormones to regulate various bodily functions.

Hormones

Chemical messengers released by glands into the bloodstream to regulate physiological processes.

Positive Feedback

A regulatory mechanism in which a response enhances the original stimulus.

Negative Feedback

A regulatory mechanism in which a response reduces the output of a system to bring it back to a set point.

Lipid-Soluble Hormones

Hormones that can easily cross cell membranes due to their hydrophobic nature.

Water-Soluble Hormones

Hormones that cannot cross cell membranes and must bind to receptors on the cell surface.

Upregulation

An increase in the number of hormone receptors on a target cell, enhancing sensitivity to the hormone.

Downregulation

A decrease in the number of hormone receptors on a target cell, reducing sensitivity to the hormone.

Hypothalamus

A brain region crucial for hormone regulation and control of the anterior and posterior pituitary.

Thyroid Gland

An endocrine gland that produces thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A hormone that regulates serum calcium levels and is produced by the parathyroid glands.

Insulin

A hormone produced by the pancreas that lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating its uptake by cells.

Glucagon

A hormone produced by the pancreas that raises blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogenolysis.

Corticosteroids

Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex that regulate metabolism, inflammation, and immune function.

Catecholamines

Hormones such as epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress.

Melatonin

A hormone produced by the pineal gland that regulates sleep-wake cycles and circadian rhythms.