Chemical bonding

Element

Contains only one type of atom

Compound

A substance that is made up of tow or more elements chemically combined

Octet Rule

When bonding occurs, atoms tent to reach an electron arrangement with eight electron in the outermost energy level

Ion

A charged (positive or negative) atom or group of atoms

Ionic bond

The force of attraction between oppositely charged ions in a compound. Ionic bonds are always formed by the complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another

The transfer of electrons between a metal and a nonmetal

Ionic lattice

Millions and millions of oppositely charged ions are packed together in a regular cubic arrangement, joined by ionic bonds

Transition metal

One that forms at least one ion with a partially filled d sublevel

Variable valency

Some element differ in their capacity to combine with other elements depending on the nature of the reaction

Molecule

A group of atoms joined together. It is the smallest particle of an element or compound that can exist independently

Covalent bonding

The sharing of a pair of elections between two non-metal atoms

Valency

The number of atoms of hydrogen or any other monovalent element with which each atoms of the element combines

Sigma bond

Is formed by the head-on overlap of two orbitals

The strongest type of covalent chemical bond

Pi bond

Is formed by the sideways overlap of p orbitals

VSEPR

valence shell electron pair repulsion

Lone pairs

Unbonded electron in the outer shell

Electronegativity

The relative attraction that an atom in a molecule has for the shared pair of electron in a covalent bond

Polar covalent bond

A bond in which there is unequal sharing of the pair(s) of electrons. This causes one end of the bond to be slightly positive and the other end to be slightly negative

Intramolecular forces

Bonding that takes place within a molecule. I.e, holds atoms together. Covalent bonding and polar covalent bonding are examples

Intermolecular forces

The forces of attraction that exist between molecules. Van der Waals, dipole-dipole forces and hydrogen bonding are examples

Polar bond

A bond in which the ELECTRONS between the atoms that are bonded together covalently are shared unequally

Dipole

The separation of opposite charges in a molecule

Van der Waals

Weak attractive forces between molecules resulting from the formation of temporary dipoles. They are the only forces of attraction between non-polar molecules

Dipole-dipole Forces

Forces of attraction between the negative pole of one polar molecule and the positive pole of another polar molecule

Permanent dipole-dipole force

A weak attractive forces between permanent dipoles in neighbouring polar molecules

Hydrogen bond

A strong dipole-dipole attraction between molecules on which hydrogen atoms are bonded to nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine

O-H and N-H bonds and H-F