Chapter 24: Musculoskeletal system

mobility

All types of movement from one location to another.

what composes the musculoskeletal system

bone, muscles, joints

the musculoskeletal systems over purpose is to

provide structure and movement for body parts

the musculoskeletal system is controlled and innervated by the

nervous system

what is the purpose of bones

provide structure to the body

provides protection

serves as a lever

stores calcium

produce blood cells

how many bones make up the skeleton

206 bones

axial skeleton

Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column

appendicular skeleton

Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton

Bones are composed of

osseous tissue

compact bone

Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone

spongey bone

layer of bone tissue having many small spaces found just inside the layer under the compact bone

bone tissue is formed by

active cells called osteoblasts

bone tissue is degraded (destroyed) by

osteoclasts

Red marrow produces

red and white blood cells

yellow marrow

stores fat

Periosteum

Double-layered connective tissue that covers and nourishes the bone.

short bones

bones of the wrist and ankles (carpals and tarsals)

long bones

bones that are longer than they are wide

ex: femus, humerus, etc

flat bones

bones of the ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull

irregular bones

bones of the vertebrae, hips, and face

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

How many skeletal muscles are in the body? (skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles)

650 skeletal muscles

Tendons

Connect muscle to bone

Ligaments

Connect bone to bone

skeletal muscle functions

produce movement, maintain posture, stabilize joints, generate heat

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

you are ADDING to the body

Circumduction

moving the arm in a circle around the shoulder

Inversion

turning inward

Eversion

turning outward

extension

Straightening of a joint

Hyperextension

the extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit

Flexion

bending a joint

Dorsilflexion

Foot is pulled up toward lower leg

plantar flexion

bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground

point toes downward

Supination

movement that turns the palm up

like you are holding a bowel of soup in your hands

Pronation

turning the palm downward

Protraction

moving a part forward (thrusting the head forward)

retraction

moving a part backward (pulling the chin backward)

rotation

turning the head from side to side

internal rotation

Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body.

external rotation

turning the joint outward

a joint is

where two bones meet

fibrous joints

sutures between skull bones that are joined by fibrous connective tissue and are IMMOVABLE

cartiliginous joints

Joints that unite bones with cartilage

limited movement

synovial joints

freely movable joints that contain a fluid-filled joint capsule

joints like the shoulders, wrists, hips, etc

bones in synovial joints are connected by

ligaments

articular cartilage (hyaline)

covers surfaces that form joints along with lubricating fluid, allow ease of movement

Bursae

small sacs filled with synovial fluid that ease friction in areas where muscles and tendons pass over bony prominences

temporomanibular joint (TMJ)

articulation between the temporal bone and the mandible

TMJ function

motion

opens and closes mouth

protects and retracts jaw

moves jaw from side to side

elbow joint

hinge joint formed by humerus, ulna, and radius

the elbow joint contains a

synovial membrane and several bursae

elbow joint function

flexion and extension of fore arm

supination and pronation of the forearm

sternoclavicular joint

Articulation between the clavicle and the sternum (saddle joint)

has no obvious movements

shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint)

Articulation between the glenoid cavity in the scapula and the head of the humerus

shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) function

motion

flexion and extension

abduction and adduction

circumduction

internal and external rotation

wrist, fingers, thumb joint functions

Wrists: Flexion, extension, hyperextension, adduction, radial and ulnar deviation

Fingers: Flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, and circumduction

Thumb: Flexion, extension, and opposition

wrist, fingers, and thumb joints

Articulation between the distal radius, ulnar bone, carpals, and metacarpals.

Contains ligaments and is lined with a synovial membrane.

vertebrae joints

amphiarthrosis joints

33 bones (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 3-4 coccygeal)

the vertebrae are cushioned by

Intervetebral discs made of fibrocartilage that provide flexibility and posture to the spine

vertebrae joint function

flexion

hyperextension

lateral bending

rotation

hip joint

ball and socket joint formed by the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the hip bone

contains a fibrous capsule

hip joint function

flexion

extension

hyperextension

circumduction

internal and external rotation

abduction

adduction

knee joint

Largest and most complex joint of the body

modified hinge joint

the knee joint is composed of

femur, tibia, fibula, patella and contains fibrocartilaginous disks and many bursae

knee joint function

flexion and extension

ankle and foot joints

Articulation between the talus (large posterior foot tarsal), tibia, and fibula.

The talus also articulates with the navicular bones.

The heel (calcaneus bone) is connected to the tibia and fibula by ligaments.

ankle and foot joint functions

Motion

Ankle: Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion

Foot: Inversion and eversion

Toes: Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

How to prevent bone loss

adequate calcium

adequate vitamin d

exercise

avoid smoking and drinking

TMJ disfunction can cause

difficulty chewing

having their jaw get "locked" or "stuck"

tenderness

pain

clicking

bone pain is often

dull, deep, throbbing

fracture pain feels like

sharp, severe, intolerable

Osteoarthritis

inflammation of the bone and joint

osteomalacia

softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency

bones lose their density how

with age

this is why older patients are more susceptible to fractures

joint stiffening conditions are often misdiagnoses as

arthritis

DM type 1 increases risk of

low bone density

osteoporosis is most common in

women after menopause

risk of osteoporosis

women (generally smaller than men)

underweight

older women bc of declining reproductive hormones,

Compounded by less activity, calcium, vitamin D, and decreased blood flow

genetic factors

older adults have slower movements, reduced flexibility, and decreased muscle strength because of

age-related muscle fiber and joint degeneration, reduced elasticity of tendons and joint capsule calcification

measure ROM with a

goniometer

how to rate joint mobility

0-5

0 being paralysis and no muscle movement

5 being being normal and action motion against full resistance

anatomical snuff box

abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus

lordosis

abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back condition)

kyphosis

hunchback

crepitus may be heard in someone with

TMJ disfunction

what is the most common type of neck pain

cervical strain

impaired ROM and neck pain associated with fever, chills and headache could be indicative of

meningitis

unequal leg lengths are associated with

scoliosis

muscle atrophy

lack of muscle activity; reduces muscle size, tone, and power

The Phalen test is used to help diagnose:

carpal tunnel syndrome

Phalen's test

median nerve compression of the carpal tunnel; praying or upside down praying

Tinel's Test

Used for Dx of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Physician taps over the volar aspect of the pts transverse carpal ligament

Positive test will cause tingling or paresthesia into the thumb, index, middle or lateral half o the ring finger

the most common injuries in the hip and groin are from

athletes that are involved in skating or kicking with sudden changes of direction

normal rom for hip

Flexion: 0-120

Extension: 0-30

Abduction: 0-40

Adduction: 0-35

Internal Rotation: 0-45

External Rotation: 0-45

herniated disc (slipped disc)

Usually caused by heavy lifting.

The annulus of the disc cracks, allowing the nucleus pulposus to protrude. Puts pressure on spinal nerve roots causing pain.

Surgery: laminectomy (lamina is the bone that is removed to make room for the nerve)

Knock-knee (genu valgum)

Legs curved inward so knees come together as person walks