AP World History Unit 2

breh

Byzantine challenges from the west

Normans press on territories, crusades through territory, Constantinople sacked

Byzantine challenges from the east

Turks invade Anatolia and defeat Byzantine army, Ottoman Turks capture Consta

Holy roman empire

Otto I establishes kingdom in Northern Germany, aids Roman Catholic Church, Otto I named Holy Roman Emperor

Tensions between emperors and the church

Pope Gregory VII tries to end lay investiture, excommunicates Henry IV, German authorities dimish emperor’s authority

Frederick Barbarossa

“red beard”, attempted to absorb Lombardy into Roman Empire, backed down because popes didn’t want him to have that much power, Roman Empire never a powerful state

Regional Monarchies: France

Capetian: Expands authority out from Paris, deals with dukes | Normans: Controlled land in their duchy, French kings rivals

Regional Monarchies: England

Normans invade England, England more centralized than France, good government, taxation

Italy

Ecclesiastical states, city-states displace church control, Normans invade northern Italy, kingdom of Naples created

Iberian Peninsula

Controlled by Muslims until reconquista by Christians. Muslims only in Granada, Christian kingdoms dominate

Growth of agriculture economy

Development of arable land, better agricultural techniques

Revival of towns and trade

Urbanization, specilization of labor, Mediterranean trade, Hanseatic league in Baltic and North Seas

Independent Cities

Additions to “those who work”, Guilds of workers, social support network

Urban Women

New economic opportunities, worked alongside men, dominated decorative arts industries, admitted to most guilds, some women only

Influence of Aristotle

Latin translations of Greek texts in Europe, St Thomas Aquinas: synthesis of Christianity & Aristotle, tried to prove existence of God

Popular Religion

Seven sacraments, devotion to saints, Virgin Mary

Popular Heresy

Waldensians urged lay control of preaching, sacraments | Bogomils (Cathars) Flourished in west europe, government tried destroying it

Medieval expansion of europe

Atlantic and Baltic colonization, Scandinavians explore North Atlantic Ocean, Kings of denmark and norway convert to christianity, & sweden and finland

Reconquest of sicily and spain

Sicily reconquered by Normans from Muslims, two small christian states survive muslim conquest, rapid spread of christian authority, conversion campaigns

Beginning of crusades

Pope Urban II, god wills it

First crusade

Organized to capture Jeruselum, succeeds, but Saladin recaptures jeruselum

Later crusades

Five more crusades, all fail, fourth destroys Constantinople, taste for new european products like spices, sugar, coffee, silk, etc.

Toltecs

Regional states in central Mexical valley, Toltecs migrate from NW mexico, settle at Tula, civilization destroyed by internal conflict

The Mexica

Groups of migrants, kidnapped women, seized cultivated lands, settled at Tenochtitlan, created land from lake bottom, Chinampas

The Aztec Empire

Tributary empire, Texcoco and Tlacopan joined to make Aztec empire, ruled most of Mesoamerica

Tribute, trade, and governance

Tribute taken from subjects, could be oppresive, no government bearocracy, conquered people governed themselves

Mexica society

Hierarchial social structure, soldiers had high stature, patriarchal structure, emphasis on child-bearing for future soldiers, Communal groups calpulli, slave class, children sold into slavery, priests important too

Mexica religion

Tezcatlipoca (smoking mirror), Quetzaloatl (feathered serpent), both worshipped, emphasis on blood sacrifices

Ritual bloodletting

Emphasis on human sacrifice, rituals of piercing, fingertips torn off before death

People and societies of the North

Pueblo and Navajo societies, Iroquoi peoples in Mississippi, Mound building people - ceremonial platforms, homes

Inca Empire

Cuzco, spoke Quechua, around Lake Titicaca, ruler Pachacuti, pop. 11.5m

Inca Administration

Held hostages, no writing, quipu - system of knots and cords | Cuzco - capital, fancy

Inca roads

Two north-south massive road system, paved, influential

Inca society

Social elites, infallible king - descended from sun, Peasents in groups acalled ayllu, public works

Inca Religion

Worship of ancestors, sacrifieces, Inti - sun god, Virachocha -creator god, no human sacrifices, sin - disruption of divine order

Societies of Oceania

Nomadic foragers, small scale trading shells, spears, axes

Pacific Island Societies

Almost all islands, trade between island groups, some voyaging, fierce fightingk population density leads to social and economic issues

Pacific social classes & chiefly states

Distinct classes, small multi-island empires, controlled land allocation, labor & military conscription

Polynesian Religion

Priests important, gods of war, ceremonial precinct

Effects of Early African Migrations

Banu-speaking people south of equator, agriculture & iron metallurgy, malay sailors colonize Madagascar, introduce new important foods

Kin-based societies

Stateless & segmented, no elaborate hierarchies, population pressures, small chiefdoms, eventually small kingdoms

Kinship groups and age grades

Extended families, clans, age grades - peer groups, crosses family lines

Slavery in Africa

Slaves war captives - witches, criminals, debtors | Used in agricultural labor, social status

Slave Trading

Indian Ocean trade stimulates slave trade, Africa principal source of slaves

Zanj Revolt

Slaves from Swahili coast exported to Mesopotamia, crushed by abbasids later

African Religion

Diversity of religious belief, single male creator god, ancestor worship, diviners, balance of nature important

Early Christianity in North Africa

Merchants then kings convert, Churches carved out of rock, strong African influence, Isolation from other Christian areas

Kingdom of Kongo

Basin of congo river, village alliances, Bantu centralized rule

Kingdom of Ghana

Protection against camel raids, center of African Gold trade, converted to Islam, also sold other things like slaves

Koumbi-Saleh

Capital of Ghana kingdom principal trading center, supported qadis and muslim scholars, military center, kept Ghana safe from nomads

Sundiata

Ghana collapsed, Mali Empire extends, taxed all trade through west africa, encouraged spread of muslim not forcefully

Mansa Musa

Haji - constructed mosques, supported muslim scholars, empire declines after his rule, established centralized rule though

Swahili City-States

Traded with Arabs, developed city-states, stone and coral architecture, Chinese silk & porcelain imported

Kilwa

City-state on east african coast, more trade in pottery and stoneware, major trading center by fourteenth century

Zimbabwe

Managed trade between internal and coastal regions “dwelling of the chief'“

Islam in East Africa

Ruling elites accepted Islam without forcing it, Islam - social glue, Islamic norms slow to penetrate African society

Nomadic Society

Usually clan-based, traded with settled people, fluid nobility status, women had influence

Nomadic Religion

Pagan worship, appeal of Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, conversion to Islam

Turkish Military Organization

Khan ruler, strong cavalry, seized wealth of settled societies

Saljuq Turks & Their Neighbors

Turkish dominated Abbasid caliphs, Tughril Beg recognized as sultan, Saljuq Turks defeat Byzantine, many Islam conversions

Ghaznavid Turks & the Sultanate of Delhi

Mahmud of Ghazni invades northern India, interested in permanent rule, persecution of Buddhists, Hindus

Chinggis Khan & Mongol Empire

Steppe diplomacy (elimination of enemies), universal ruler, military units, promotions on basis of loyalty, capital at Karakorum, overlords collected tribute

Mongol Arms & Conquests

Small population, good cavalry and archers, rewarded enemies who surrenders, conquest of northern China & Persia, long-term devastation

Khubilai Khan

Ruler of China, ruthless warrior, established Yuan dynasty, attempted invasions of Japan, unsucessful

The Golden Horde

Conquest of Russia, rule over Crimea, raids into Poland, Hungary, Germany

Ilkhanate of Persia

Toppled Abbasid empire, expansion into Syria, assimilated into Islamic lifestyle

Mongol Rule in China

Intermarriage forbidden, tolerated religious freedoms, shamanism popular, element of magic in schools

Mongols & Western Integration

Long-distance trade, diplomatic missions, missionary activity increases

Decline of Mongol Empire in Persia

Overspending, paper money fails, last ilkhan dies without heir, Mongol rule collapses

Decline of Yuan Dynasty in China

No confidence in paper money, prices rise, bubonic plague spreads, mongols flee peasant rebellion

Tamerlane the Conquerer

Turkish, united Turkish nomads, conquerer, not admin, major military campaighs, empire divided after death

Ottoman Empire

Osman leader, declares independance from Saljuq sultan, attacks Byzantine, Tamerlane defeats ottoman forces, but Ottoman forces recover by 144s

Ottoman capture of Constantinople

Mehmed II (The Conquerer) renamed city Istanbul, capital of Ottoman, took over Byzantine Empire completely