4 Geography Population and Migration

Define Birth rate

Live births per 1000 people per year

Define death rate

Deaths per thousand people per year

Define Total Fertility Rate(TFR)

Average number of children expected to be born to a woman over her lifetime assuming she survive

Replacement rate

2.1bpw

Define infant mortality rate

Number of deaths of children under 1 per 1000 live births

Ages of young population, working population and elderly population

Young population: 0-15

Working population: 16-64

Elderly population: 65+

Dependency ratio

Proportion of those economically active(16-64) to those who are not economically active

Factors affecting fertility

• Female literacy/employment - Afghanistan around 7% woman employed, UK around 70%

• Access to contraception - Taliban birth control ban in Afghanistan

• Economic burden/asset of children

• Religion/cultural norms - Catholics → discourages contraception - supports large families

• Natalist policies - 1CP

• Conflict

Factors affecting mortality rate

• Access to healthcare

• Nutrition

• Population structure - Age

• Lifestyle factors - smoking, alcohol, drugs - 40% of Serbians smoke

• GDP per capita

• Communicable/non-communicable diseases - heart diseases largest global cause of death

• Pollution

• War

Describe the population pyramid for a LIC, MIC and a HIC

How does gender ratio change as age changes and what is gap in life expectancy

At birth:

• Slightly higher change of male birth

• prenatal sex selection - 1CP

Elderly population:

• 5 year gap in life expectancy

• Higher infant death rate in men

• Men are more vulnerable to communicable diseases/genetic disorders/accidents/violences/suicide

Describe each stage of the DTM

Stage1: High birth and death rate - no population change

Stage2: High birth and decreasing death rate - rapid population growth

Stage3: Decreasing birth and low death rate - slower population growth

Stage4: Low birth and lower death rate - very slow/no population growth

Stage5: Lower birth and low death rate - population decline

stage 1 of DTM

Birth rate: High and fluctuating

Death rate: High and fluctuating

Population change: None
Example country: Remote tribes

STAGE2 of DTM

Birth rate: High

Death rate: Decreasing

Population change: Rapid increase
Example country: Ethiopia

Stage 3 of DTM

Birth rate: Decreasing

Death rate: Low

Population change: Slower increase
Example country: Mexico

Stage 4 of DTM

Birth rate: Low

Death rate: Lower

Population change: None
Example country: France

Stage 5 of DTM

Birth rate: Lower

Death rate: Low

Population change: Decline
Example country: Japan

Evaluation of DTM

DISADVANTAGES

• Migration - does not account for migration

• Political anomalies - 1CP

• Eurocentric model

Impacts of high natural increase

• Low access to infrastructure/education

• Higher taxes may be needed

• House shortages

• Congestion

• Growing workforce

• Unemployment/underemployment

• Higher demand on resources - fossil fuels

• Younger voters beliefs - environment/equality

Define distance decay

Number of migrants declines as distances between source area and destination increase

Economic migrants and remittances

Migrating for employment - sending money back to your family

Refugees vs asylum seekers vs Internally displaced persons(IDP)

• Refugees: have been granted official refugee status and are legally allowed to stay in destination country due to risks in source country

• Asylum seekers: Forced migrants who are yet to be granted refugee status

• IDPs: forced migrants who remain in source country

Forced vs Impelled migration by who

• W. Peterson

• Forced: real threats

• Impelled: perceived threats - element of choice remains

____’s Push-pull migration model

Lee’s 1966 model

• If pull factors outweigh the push factors of a particular place and the intervening obstacles can be overcome then migration will take place

• Intervening obstacles: cost of travel, leaving family behind, danger