SPINAL CORD, PNS, CRANIAL N

OVAL SHAPE, FLATTENED SLIGHTLY. EXTENDS FROM MEDULLA OBLONGATA TO SUP. BORDER OF L2

SPINAL CORD

SUPERIOR ENLARGMENT EXTENDS AT C4 TO T1

CERVICAL ENLARGEMENT

INF. ENLARGEMENT EXTEDNS AT T9 TO T12

LUMBAR ENLARGEMENT

INF. TO THE LUMBAR ENLARGEMENT AS IT TAPERS CONICAL STRUCTURE, ENDS AT L1 TO L2

CONUS MEDULLARIS

• THIS ARISES FROM THE CONUS MEDULLARIS

• ANCHORS THE SPINAL CORD TO THE COCCYX AS IT EXTENDS DOWN FUSING WITH THE MENINGES

FILUM TERMINALE

• PATHS OF COMMUNICATION BETWEEN SPINAL CORD AND SPECIFIC REGIONS IN THE BODY

• CLASSIFIED AS MIXED NERVE

SPINAL NERVES

HOW MANY ARE THE SPINAL NERVES?

62 IN TOTAL 31 PAIRS

THIS ARE BUNDLES OF AXONS THAT CONNECT SPINAL NERVE BY A SEGMENT

ROOTS

SMALLER BUNDLES OF AXONS THAT CONNECTS THE SPINAL NERVE

ROOTLETS

THESE ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR IMPULSES FROM SENSORY RECEPTORS

POSTERIOR ROOT

THIS CONTAINS CELL BODIES OF SENSORY NEURONS

POSTERIOR ROOT GANGLION

CONTAINS AXONS OF MOTOR NEURONS AS IT CONDUCT NERVE IMPULSES FROM MUSCLES AND GLANDS

ANTERIOR ROOT

• A HORSE TAIL

• ROOTS OF LOWER SPINAL NERVES ANGLE INFERIORLY ALONGSIDE THE FLUM TERMINALE

• THEY DO NOT LEAVE THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN

CAUDE EQUINA

• THIS IS CONSISTS OF DENDRITES, CELL BODIES, UNMYELINATED AXONS AND NEUROGLIA

• RECIEVES AND INTEGRATES INCOMING AND OUTCOMING INFORMATION

GRAY MATTER

FORMS THE CROSSBAR OF THE H, MEDIAL PART OF THE SPINAL CORD

GRAY COMMISSURE

IT EXTENDS THE ENTIRE SPINAL CORD IS FILLED WITH?

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

• SPACE IN THE CENTER

• AS IT CONTINUES TO THE 4TH VENTRICLE OF AT ITS SUPERIOR END

CENTRAL CANAL

THIS CONNECT THE WHITE MATTER OF THE RIGHT AND LEFT SIDES OF THE SPINAL CORD

ANTERIOR WHITE COMMISURE

CLUSTERS OF NERURONAL CELL BODIES FORM FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

NUCLEI

THEY CONTAIN AXONS OF INCOMING SENSORY NEURONS

POSTERIOR GRAY HORNS

THEY CONTAIN SOMATIC MOTOR NUCLEI

ANTERIOR GRAY HORNS

CONTAINS AUTONOMIC MOTOR NUCLEI

LATERAL GRAY HORNS

• THIS CONSISTS PRIMARILY OF BUNDLES OF MYELINATED AXONS OF NEURONS

• HIGHWAYS FOR NERVE IMPULSE PROPAGTION

• TRACTS FOR MOTOR NEURONS

WHITE MATTER

A WIDE GROOVE ON THE ANTERIOR SIDE

ANTERIOR MEDIAN FISSURE

A NARROW FURROW ON THE POSTERIOR SIDE

POSTERIOR MEDIAN SULCUS

• DISTINCT BUNDLES OF HAVING COMMON ORIGIN OR DESTINATION AND CARRYING SIMILAR INFORMATION

TRACTS

THESE ARE CONSITS OF AXONS THAT CONDUCT NERVE IMPULSES TOWARD THE BRAIN

SENSORY TRACTS

CONSISTS OF AXONS THAT CARRY IMPULSES FROM THE BRAIN

MOTOR TRACTS

WHERE DOES SPINAL NERVE UNITE?

INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMEN

IT IS INNERMOST LAYER OF THE TISSUE COVERING OF SPINAL NERVES

ENDONEURIUM

MIDDLE LAYER AS IT WRAPS FASCICLES; A THICKER LAYER OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

PERINEURIUM

OUTERMOST LAYER; COVERS THE ENTIRE NERVE, IT EXTENTIONS FILL THE SPACES BETWEEN FASCICLES

EPINEURIUM

SERVES THE DEEP MUSCLES AND SKIN OF THE POSTERIOR SURFACE OF THE TRUNK

POSTERIOR RAMUS

SERVES THE MUSCLES AND STRUCTURES OF THE UPPER AND LOWER LIMBS AND SKIN OF THE LATERAL AND ANTERIOR SURFACE OF THE TRUNK

ANTERIOR RAMUS

SUPPLIES THE VERTEBRAE, VERTEBRAL LIGAMENTS, BLOOD VESSELD OF SPINAL CORD AND MENINGES

MENINGEAL BRANCH

THESE ARE NETWORKS OF AXONS THAT DO NOT GO DIRECTLY TO THE BODY STRUCTURES THEY SUPPLY

PLEXUSES

THESE ARE DIRECTLY CONNECT TO THE STRUCTURES THEY SUPPLY

INTERCOSTAL NERVES

WHERE DOES C1-C7 ENTER AND EXITS?

INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMINA BETWEEN VERTEBRAE

EXITS: ABOVE VERTEBRAE

WHERE DOES T1-L5 ENTER AND EXITS?

INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMINA BETWEEN VERTEBRAE

EXITS BELOW VERTEBRAE

WHERE DOES S1-S5 AND Co1 ENTER AND EXITS?

SACRAL CANAL AND VERTEBRAL CANAL

S1-S4 EXITS IN ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR SACRAL FORAMINA

S5 - Co1 SACRAL HIATUS

THE TWO MAIN PRINCIPLE FUNCTIONS OF SPINAL CORD IN MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS

NERVE IMPULSE PROPAGATION

INTEGRATION OF INFORMATION

• NERVE IMPULSES THAT ORIGINATE IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX

• THESE HELP FOR VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS IN CONTRACTING MUSCLES

DIRECT MOTOR PATHWAYS

• NERVE IMPULSES THAT ORIGINATE IN THE BRAINSTEM

• THESE ARE AUTOMATIC AND NO DELAY FOR MOVEMENTS (EQUILIBRIUM OF THE BODY, POSTURE ETC.)

INDIRECT MOTOR PATAHWAYS

THESE TRACTS THAT TRANSMITS SENSORY INFORMATION FROM THE SPINAL CORD

GRACILE FASCICULUS

CUNEATE FASCICULUS

• THIS IS RESPONSIBLE FOR FINE MOTOR FUNCTION AND MODULATION OF SENSORY FUNCTIONS

LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL TRACT

• IT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR GROSS AND POSTURAL MOTOR FUNCTION

MEDIAL CORTICOSPINAL TRACT

• THIS IS RESPONSIBLE FOR POSTURAL REFLEXES

LATERAL/ MEDIAL VESTIBULOSPINAL TRACT

• TRACT THAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MOTOR FUNCTION

RUBROSPINAL TRACT

• IT MODULATES SENSORY TRANSMISSION (PAIN, PRESSURE ETC.) AND SPINAL REFLEXES

RESTICULOSPINAL TRACT

• FOR HEAD TURNING REFLEX

TECTOSPINAL TRACT

• RESPONSIBLE FOR COORDINATION OF HEAD AND EYE MOVEMENTS

MEDIAL LONGITUDINAL FASCICULUS TRACT

• RESPONSIBLE FOR FINE TOUCH, PROPRIOCEPTION, TWO POINT DISCRIMINATION

DORSAL COLUMN MEDIAL LEMNISCUS

• RESPONSIBLE FOR MORE INTENSE SENSORY, SHARP PAIN, TEMPERATURE, AND CRUDE TOUCH

SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT

• FOR MOVEMENT AND POSITION MECHANISMS

DORSAL SPINOCEREBELLAR TRACT

• FOR MOVEMENT AND POSITION MECHANISMS

VENTRAL SPINOCEREBELLAR TRACT

• THIS IS MUCH MORE SENSORY IN DEEP AND CHRONIC PAIN

SPINORETICULAR TRACT

WHAT CRANIAL NERVES ARE PURE SENSORY NERVES?

OLFACTORY

OPTIC

VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR

WHAT CRANIAL NERVES ARE PURE MOTOR NERVES?

TROCHLEAR

ABDUCENS

ACCESSORY

HYPOGLOSSAL

WHAT CRANIAL NERVES ARE MIXED NERVES?

VAGUS

GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL

FACIAL

TRIGEMINAL

WHAT CRANIAL NERVES ARE AUTONOMIC NERVES?

VAGUS

GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL

FACIAL

VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR

INNERVATE SKELETAL MS. THAT DEVELOPS IN THE PHARYNGEAL ARCHES

BRACHIAL MOTOR AXONS

SKELETAL MUSCLES THAT DEVELOP FROM HEAD SOMITES

SOMATIC MOTOR AXONS

WHAT IS TRACT OF THE OLFACTORY NERVE?

PASS THROUGH CRIBRIFORM PLATE OF ETHMOID BONE - OLFACTORY BULBS

WHAT IS TRACT OF THE OPTIC NERVE?

RETINA - OPTIC FORAMEN - MERGES AT OPTIC CHIASM TO FORM OPTIC TRACTS

WHY DOES OPTIC NERVE ORGINATES FROM THE RETINA?

RODS AND CONES, BIPOLAR CELLS AND GANGLION CELLS

WHAT IS TRACT OF THE OCULOMOTOR NERVE?

MOTOR NUCLEUS: ANTERIOR MIDBRAIN

PARASYMPATHETIC: ACCESSORY OCULOMOTOR NUCLEUS

DIVIDES SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR BRANCHES

EXITS: SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE

WHAT IS TRACT OF THE TROCHLEAR NERVE?

SOMATIC MOTOR NEURONS IN TROCHLEAR NUCLEUS - SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE

WHERE DOES MOTOR AND SENSORY ROOT OF TRIGEMINAL NERVE LOCATED?

MOTOR: PONS

SENSORY: TRIGEMINAL SEMILUNAR GANGLION

WHERE DOES OPTHALMIC PASSES AND ITS FUNCTION?

PASSES: SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE

FUNCTION: SENSATION UPPER PART OF FACE

WHERE DOES MAXILLARY PASSES AND ITS FUNCTION?

PASSES:FORAMEN ROTUNDUM

FUNCTION: SENSATION LOWER PART OF FACE

WHERE DOES MANDIBULAR PASSES AND ITS FUNCTION?

PASSES: FORAMEN OVALE

FUNCTION: SENSATION OF ORAL CAVITY AND MOTOR FOR CHEWING

WHAT IS TRACT OF THE FACIAL NERVE?

ORIGIN: TASTE BUDS, EAR CANAL, PROPIOCEPTIONS

PATH: GENICULATE GANGLION - PONS - THALAMUS - GUSTATORY CORTEX

WHERE DOES FACIAL NERVE INNERVATES?

FRONTAL ZYGOMATIC BUCCAL MANDIBUALR CERVICAL

WHERE DOES MOTOR BRANCH OF FACIAL NERVE PASSES THROUGH?

STYLOMASTOID FORAMEN

WHERE DOES PARASYMPATHETIC BRANCH OF FACIAL NERVE PASSES THROUGH?

PTERYGOPALATINE AND SUBMANDIBULAR GANGLIA

WHERE DOES VESTIBULAR BRANCH ORIGINATES?

SEMICIRCULAR CANALS, SACCULE, UTRICLE OF INNER EAR

WHERE DOES COCHLEAR BRANCH ORIGINATES?

ORGAN OF CORTI

SENSORY AXONS OF GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL BRANCH

TASTE BUDS, SWALLOWING, BARORECEPTORS, CEMORECEPTORS, EXTERNAL EAR

WHAT DOES GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE INNERVATES IN BRACHIAL MOTOR NEURON

STYLOPHARYNGEUS

GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL HELPS STIMULATE WHAT GLAND?

PAROTID GLAND

THIS NERVE HELPS IN VISCERAL ORGANS MOST IMPORTANTLY SWALLOWING AND DIGESTING

VAGUS

MOTOR AXONS OF ACCESSORY NERVE ARISES WHERE?

ANTERIOR GRAY HORN

WHAT DOES ACCESSORY NERVE INNERVATES?

STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID

TRAPEZIUS

WHERE CAN YOU FIND HYPOGLOSSAL NUCLEI?

MEDULLA OBLONGATA

• INJURY OF THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS THAT (C5 AND C6)

• IS A RESULT OF PULLING AWAY OF THE HEAD FROM THE SHOULDER. CAN BE IN AN INFANT IN EXCESSIVE STRETCH OF THE NECK OR HEAVY FALL ON THE SHOULDER

• ADDUCTED AND MEDIALLY ROTATED ARM, PRONATED AND EXTENDED FOREARM, WRIST FLEX

• LOSS OF SENSATION IN LAT. SIDE OF THE ARM

ERB-DUCHENNE PALSY/ WAITER’S TIP POSITION

• INJURY IN THE RADIAL NERVE

• INABILITY TO EXTEND WRIST AND FINGERS

WRIST DROP

• INJURY IN THE NEDIAN NERVE

• CAN’T FLEX THE DIGITS AND CANNOT PRONATE FOREARM

• WRIST FLEXION=WEAK

MEDIAN NERVE PALSY

• INABILITY TO ABDUCT OR ADDUCT FINGERS

• CAN BE CALLED A CLAWHAND

• HYPEREXTEND OF MCP JOINTS AND FLEXION OF IP JOINTS

ULNAR NERVE PALSY

• PARALYSIS IN SERRATUS ANTERIOR

• MEDIAL BORDER OF THE SCAPULA PROTRACTED

• ARM CANNOT ABDUCTED BEYOND THE HORIZONTAL POSITION

WINGED SCAPUKA

• SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY AND VEIN MAY BE COMPRESSED

• EXPERIENCE PAIN, NUMBNESS, WEAKNESS OR TINGLING IN THE UPPER LIMB

THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME

• PAIN EXTENDED DOWN IN THE BUTTOCK IN POSTERIOR AND LATERAL ASPECT OF THE LEG

• IRRITATION, INFLAMATION, HERNIATED DISC OR DISLOCATED HIP

SCIATICA

• DAMAGE IN COMMON FIBULAR NERVE

• CAUSES THE FOOT TO BE PLANTAR FLEXED AND INVERTED

FOOT DROP

WHATS THE OTHER TERM FOR FOOT DROP?

EQUINOVARUS

• INJRY IN THE TIBIAL PORTION OF SCIATIC NERVE

• RESULTS IN DORSIFLEXTION AND EVERSION

CALCANEOVALGUS

REGULATES BODY MOVEMENTS VIA THE SKELETAL MUSCLE

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

IT IS THE SIMULATION OF A SKELETAL MUSCLE IF CONTRACTS - EXCITATION

SOMATIC MOTOR NEURONS

THIS REGULATES MUSCLES AND GLANDS. AS IT IS REFERRED VISCERAL

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

STIMULATES THE ORGAN TO INCREASE ITS ACTIVITY

SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

STIMULATES THE ORGAN TO DECREASE ITS ACTIVITY

PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

IT INNERVATS ORGANS ABOVE THE DIAPHRAGM AS IT REGULATES THESE TYPES OF ORGANS

SYMPATHETIC TRUNK GANGLIA