Personality, Emotions, and Developmental Factors Lecture Notes

A set of flashcards covering key psychological terms including personality structures, temperament types, intelligence theories, and emotional development based on class lecture notes.

Personality

A permanent whole of mental, behavioral, and physical characteristics by which an individual differs from others.

Temperament

An area of personality structure that covers emotional characteristics and way of behaving, such as liveliness, calmness, or speed of emotional reactions.

Character

A part of personality encompassing motivational and volitional characteristics, strongly influenced by environment, values, and rules.

Abilities

Characteristics that significantly influence success in solving various tasks and problems, divided into physical and mental qualities.

Physical Characteristics

Attributes including height, body weight, and hair color that form part of the personality structure.

Introvert

A person who feels better in a quiet environment, needs time alone to recharge, and prefers fewer but deeper relationships.

Sanguine

A temperament type associated with blood; characterized by being sociable, open, optimistic, and quick to make friends, but often unorganized.

Choleric

A temperament type associated with yellow bile; characterized by being decisive, confident, ambitious, and a natural leader, but can be aggressive or impulsive.

Melancholic

A temperament type associated with black bile; characterized by being precise, thoughtful, introverted, and a perfectionist, but may have difficulty with change.

Phlegmatic

A temperament type associated with phlegm; characterized by being calm, relaxed, patient, and reliable, but slow to make decisions.

Typological Personality Theories

Theories that classify people into basic types based on their characteristics, viewing personality as a whole.

Authoritarian Character

A personality type characterized by a strong need for order, discipline, and unconditional obedience, often formed in strict upbringing environments.

Milgram Experiment

A study testing obedience where participants were instructed by an authority figure to give increasingly powerful electric shocks to another person.

Zimbardo's Experiment

A prison experiment where students were randomly assigned as guards or prisoners, demonstrating the power of social roles and environment over behavior.

Ability

An individual's specific capacity to perform a particular task, such as musical, sports, or mathematical tasks.

Intelligence

A general ability for learning, thinking, solving problems, and adapting to new situations.

Binet's Intelligence Test

The first test for measuring intelligence, created in France in the early $20^{th}$ century ($1925$) to identify children needing learning assistance.

Normal (Gauss) Curve

The distribution pattern of intelligence test results in a population.

Very Low IQ

An IQ score of $70$ or less, found in approximately $2-3 \times 10^{0} \text{ percent}$ of people.

Below Average IQ

An intelligence quotient score ranging from $70$ to $85$.

Average IQ

An intelligence quotient score ranging from $85$ to $115$, representing the majority of the population.

Above Average IQ

An intelligence quotient score ranging from $115$ to $130$.

Very High IQ

An IQ score of $130+$ achieved by approximately $2 \times 10^{0} \text{ percent}$ of the population or less.

Gardner's Theory

A theory proposing eight independent types of intelligence rather than a single general ability.

Linguistic Intelligence

The type of intelligence involved in reading, writing, and language use.

Logical-Mathematical Intelligence

The type of intelligence involved in calculation and logical reasoning.

Spatial Intelligence

The ability to perceive and represent space, maps, and drawings.

Musical Intelligence

The intelligence related to understanding rhythm and melody.

Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence

The intelligence related to physical movement and sports.

Interpersonal Intelligence

The ability to understand and interact effectively with others.

Intrapersonal Intelligence

The capacity for self-understanding and knowing one's own feelings.

Naturalistic Intelligence

The intelligence related to understanding nature and living beings.

Emotions

Mental responses to situations, people, or events, accompanied by subjective experience, physical changes, and behavior.

Subjective Aspect of Emotions

The internal feeling or experience of an emotion, such as feeling joy, fear, or anger.

Physiological (Physical) Aspect of Emotions

Bodily responses to emotions, such as accelerated heart rate, sweating, or muscle tension.

Behavioral Aspect of Emotions

The outward expression of emotions through speech, gestures, tone of voice, or actions.

Moods

Emotional states that are long-lasting but of low intensity, often without a clear trigger.

Heredity (Nativism)

A developmental factor emphasizing innate differences and genetics, used by nativists to explain social and economic disparities.

Environment

A developmental factor emphasizing the influence of upbringing, high expectations, and quality learning on developing abilities.

Skodak and Skeels ($1949$) Study

Research showing that while adopted children's IQ correlated with biological mothers (genetics), their absolute scores were $10$ to $20$ points higher due to environment.

Twin Studies

Research comparing identical and fraternal twins to determine the influence of genetics versus environment.

Adoption Studies

Research comparing children with biological parents versus adoptive parents to identify hereditary and environmental influences.

Socialization

The process by which a society teaches individuals its rules, values, communication, and appropriate behaviors.

Social Self-Concept

An individual's description and evaluation of themselves through their relationship to society, rules, and civic duties.

Physical Self-Concept

An individual's experience and evaluation of their own body, appearance, and physical attractiveness.

Feral Children Research

Studies of children raised without human contact showing that early socialization is necessary for normal language and social development.

Anger

A basic emotion occurring in response to unpleasant situations, injustice, or obstacles.

Aggression

A behavior that can be triggered by anger.

Emotional Maturity

The state where a person recognizes, understands, expresses, and manages their emotions in relation to themselves and others.

Activation Function of Emotions

The concept that emotions are linked to physiological arousal in the body.