BIO 225 Lab Practical 2

Thoracic Cavity

1. thoracic cavity

2. thymus

3. heart in percicardial sac

4. lungs

5. diaphragm

Abdominal Cavity

1. abdominal cavity - focus on the digestive system

2. umbilical vein

3. liver - large organ; site for bile production, carbohydrate storage, plasma protein production and deotxification of foreign substances

4. spleen - lymphoid organ (red blood cell phagocytosis and leukocyte storage)

5. small intestine - loosely coiled tube; major site for digestion and nutrient absorption

6. large intestine (colon) - tightly coiled tube; major site for water absorption

7. umbilical cord

Pig 1

1. gall bladder

2. gall bladder

3. duodenum

4. common bile duct

Pig 2

1. stomach - early digestion performed here; low pH dissolves extracellular matrix, kills pathogens and activates pepsinogen to pepsin to initiate protein breakdown

3. stomach

4. liver

5. spleen

6. pyloric valve - leads to the duodenum; regulates the amount of acidic chyme going from the stomach to the duodenum

7. cardiac valve (muscular folds) - leads to the esophagus

Pig 4

1. pancreas - soft, spongey organ between the stomach and intestine; produces hormones to regulate blood glucose levels (insulin and glucagon), digestive enzymes for the small intestine and bicarbonates to neutralize the acidic chyme from the stomach

2. cecum

3. small intestine

4. duodenum

5. stomach

6. large intestine (colon)

7. pancreas

8. spleen

9. illeocecal valve - regulates flow of chyme from small to large intestine

Pig 3

1. rectum and anus

2. rectum - short term fecal storage structure

3. anus (opening to the rectum)

4. large intestine (colon) - tightly coiled tube

5. kidney

6. rectum

7. small intestine

8. villi

9. large intestine

Abdominal Cavity

1. abdominal cavity - focus on the urogenital system

2. kidney

3. urinary bladder

4. kidney covered with peritoneum

5. ureter - tube that conducts urine from the kidney to urinary bladder

6. ureter leading to the urinary bladder

7. urinary bladder

8. kidney

9. adrenal gland - produces hormones which affect the kidney (aldosterone) and your ability to maintain the “flight or fight” sympathetic nervous system response (cortisol)

10. kidney

11. ureter

Female Pig 1

1. rear leg

2. rear leg

3. umbilical cord

4. urethra

5. urinary bladder

Female Urogenital System 1

1. female urogenital system

2. ureter - connect kidney to urinary bladder

3. ovary

4. horns of the uterus

5. body of the uterus

6. cervix - lower part of uterus

7. urinary bladder

8. urethra

9. vagina

10. urogenital sinus - where the vagina and urethra fuse

11. pelvis

Female Urogenital System 2

1. ovary

2. horns of the uterus

3. ovary - eggs produced here

4. oviducts or fallopian tubes - tightly coiled tube adjacent to the ovary

5. horns of the uterus - fetal pigs develop in this part of the uterus

6. rectum - dorsal to the vagina

7. body of the uterus

8. cervic - lower part of the uterus

9. urethra

10. vagina - thicker than the uterus

11. urogenital sinus - where the vagina and urethra fuse

12. oviducts or fallopian tubes

13. ovary

14. large intestine

15. horns of the uterus

Male Urogenital System 1

1. male urogenital system

2. vas deferens

3. urinary bladder

4. umbilical cord

5. penis embedded in skin

Male Urogenital System 2

1. male

2. penis

3. penis

4. urinary bladder

5. penis

7. umbilical cord

8. urinary bladder

Male Urogenital System 3

1. scrotum with testes

2. vas deferens

3. inguinal canals

4. urinary bladder

5. vas deferens

6. probe is in the inguinal canal

7. sac with testis which has been removed from the scrotum

8. urinary bladder

Male Urogenital System 4

1. vas deferens - carries sperm form epididymis to urethra

2. urinary bladder

3. testis - sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules inside the testis

4. epididymis - tightly coiled tube around testis. sperm mature here. they become motile after coming in contact with fluid from the seminal vesicles

5. vas deferens

6. vas deferens coming from other testis

7. urinary bladder

8. testis

9. other testis still covered by thin tissue

Male Urogenital System 5

1. penis (urethra inside0

2. testis in sac

3. vas deferens - connects to the base of the urethra

4. pelvis

5. urinary bladder

6. penis

7. urethra

Male Urogenital System 6

1. penis

2. urethra

3. one of the bulbourethral glands on the side of the urethra

4. urethra

5. urinary bladder

6. penis

7. urethra

8. other bulbourethral glad

9. one seminal vesicle under this thin tissue

10. penis

11. urethra

12. other bulbourethral gland barely visible

13. one seminal vesicle exposed

Male Urogenital System 7

1. umbilical cord

2. urogenital opening

3. penis

4. vas deferens - connects epididymis to the base of the urethra

5. epididymis

6. testis

7. urinary bladder

8. rectum (not part of urogenital system)

9. bulbourethral glands (on both sides of the urethra) - add mucus to the semen to lubricate the urethra for the sperm. also called cowper’s gland

10. urethra

11. seminal vesicles (at base of urinary bladder) - adds fructose to the semen that stimulate spermatozoa to become highly motile

Male Urogenital System 8

1. vas deferens - connects to the base of urethra

2. seminal vesicles (at base of urinary bladder) - add fructose to the semen that stimualte spermatozoa to become highly motile

3. urinary badder

4. prostate gland

5. urethra

6. prostate gland - adds prostatic fluid to the semen (slightly alkaline fluid)

7. seminal vesciles

8. prostate gland

9. urethra

10. vas deferens

11. vas deferens

12. prostate has been cut to follow vas deferens internally

13. vas deferens

14. ejaculatory duct closeup

Chordata

1. Phylum Chordata - chordata means “cord bearing”; general characteristics of phylum include notochord, dorsal tubular nerve cord, post-anal tail, pharyngeal pouches or slits, endostyle or thyroid gland)

2. Subphylum Urochordata (turnicates) - adults are mainly sessile and are found in all oceans at arious depths. larvae are free-swimming and have the major chordate characteristics including notochord, post-anal tail, pharyngeal gill slits, and dorsal nerve cord

3. notochord - only chordate characteristic visible in slide

4. atrial siphon

5. anus

6. phayngeal basket - filtering structure; organic matter too large for the holes gets stuck in mucus from endostyle and then gets transported to stomach

7. intestine

8. stomach

9. heart

10. atrium - filtered water flowes through here and then out through atria siphon

11. endostyle - roduces ucus to trap food

12. oral siphon

13. oral siphone

14. atrial siphon

15. intestine

Subphylum Cephalochordata 1

1. Subphylum Cephalochordata (lancelets) - have major chordate characteristics

2. notochord

3. dorsal nerve with photoreceptor cells (black dots)

4. gill bars

5. gill slits (spaces between the gill bars)

6. oral hood with tentacles - supported by notochord

7. wheel organ - ciliated (provides current to draw food into mouth)

8. velum - vertical membrane with mouth (not visible)

9. enostyle - produces mucus to trap food

10. filter feeding - cilia on wheel organ produce a current that draws water with suspended food particles into the mouth ( a hole in the velum). food gets trapped in the mucus from the endostyle which covers the gill bars to the hyperbranchial groove to the instestine.

Subphylum Cephalochordata 2

1. wheel organ

2. filter feeding - cilia on the wheel organ draws water into the mouth, it moves into the pharynx, passes around the gill bars (through the gill slits) which are inside the animal to the atrium and then filtered water exits the animal via the atriopore

3. pharynx

4. gill bar

5. atrium

6. gill slit

8. gill bar

9. intestine

10. atriopore

Subphylum Cephalochordata 3

1. Filter feeding - food suspended in the water gets trapped by mucus form the endostyle. it is then moved up the gill bars using cilia to the hyperbanchial groove, then moves back via cilia to the intestine. a diverticulum off the intestine (hepatic cecum; remember a cecum is a blind sac) phagocytizes food participles. digestion and absorption primarily occurs in the intestine and undigested food exits via the anus

2. intestine

3. hepatic cecum - blind sac, phagocytizes food particles

4. gill bars

5. hyperbranchial groove - moves trapped food to instestine

6. endostyle - produces mucus to trap food

7. atriopore

8. intestine - has undigested food in it (black spots)

9. anus

10. post anal tail

Amphioxus

1. Amphioxus

2. myotomes - muscles

3. dorsal nerve cord

4. notochord

5. hyperbranchial groove

6. gill bar

7. gill slit

8. pharynx

9. endostyle

10. gonad

11. atrium

Superclass Agnatha

1. Sueprclass Agnatha (jawless fish)

2. Gill slits - water drawn into the mouth, passes over the gills (oxygen is extracted) and then passes out of the fish via the gill slits

3. Class Myxini (hagfishes) - marine fish that eat polychaete worms and dead and dying marine life. they produce copious amounts of slime for anti-predator purposes

4. Sea lamprey - lives in the Atlantic ocean and runs up streams and rivers to spawn. it invaded the great lakes wehere it has caused damage to the fishing industry. adults grow up to 1 m and parasitize fish

5. tongue - used to rasp hole in a fish

6. mouth

7. horny teeth 0 used to attach lamprey mouth to fish host

8. Class petromyzontida (lampreys) - many are anadromous (run up rivers and streams to spawn). the name petomyzon means “stone sucking” which describes how this fish, when swimming upstream, sometimes grasps a rock iwth its sucker-like mouth to hold its position in the stream. some species are parasitic and feed on the blood and body fluids of fish

9. nostril - single, middorsal on top of head

Superclass Gnathostomata

1. Superclass Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates), Calss Chondrichtyes (sharks, skates, rays)

2. dorsal view of head

3. dogfish shark *squalus)

4. spiracle

5. spiracle

6. two clusters of holes are openings to the ampullary organs of lorenzini - these organs can detect bioelectricity produced by other living organisms when they contract their muslces, can be used to detect prey

7. anterior dorsal fin

8. posterior dorsal fin

9. caudal fin

10. pectoral fin

11. heterocercal - the two lobes of the caudal fin are not the same size

12. pelvic fin

13. lateral line - these tiny holes lead t o the lateral line system which detects vibrations in the water

14. spiracle - opening used to take in water to pass over gills when the shark is lying on the sea bottom or when buried in the sand. not all sharks have these

15. gill slits - after water passes over the gills (not visible) it exits the shark through the slits

16. nostril - has fold of skin in the middle which divides the nostril into two parts allowing water to continuously flow into one side and out through the other side of the nostril thus giving the shark continuous smell sensing of its environment

17. mouth 0 with multiple rows of teeth (continuously replaced)

Superclass Gnathostomata 2

1. Superclass Gnathostomata, Class Chondrichtyes (sharks, skates, rays)

2. stingray - dorsal ride

3. barb - used to inject venom which can cause muscle cramps, swelling and rarely death

4. spiracle - dorsal opening used to take in water when the stingray is partiall rays have spiracles.

5. gill slits - water which entered via the spiracle exits here

6. mouth - rays eat molluscs and crustaceans

7. stingray - ventral side

8. left: smooth butterfly ray - short tail without a barb right: skate, similar to a ray, but lacks venomous barb and may have two dorsal fins on tail

9. dorsal fins on tail

Superclass Gnathostomata 3

1. Superclass Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrate) Class Actinopterygii (bony fish)

2. first dorsal fin - spiny fin rays support the first dorsal fin.

3. second dorsal fin

4. yellow perch

5. pectoral fin

6. pelvic fin

7. anal fin

8. caudal fin

9. homocercal - 2 lobes of the caudal fin are the same size

10. fish breathing - mouth is continuously connected to the mouth cavity and to the opercular cavity. when the fish lowers the floor of its mouth, water is drawn into the mouth cavity through an open mouth. it then closes its mouth, raises the mouth floor and at the same time opens the opercula (this increases the volume of the opercular cavity where the gills lie) thus causing water to flow from the mouth to the opercular cavity. water then exists the fish. this process repeats itself to provide a continuous flow of water across the gills

11. operculum - covers opercular cavity and protects the gill filaments

12. gill filaments - blood flowing through the capillaries of the gills extract oxygen from the water which is moving in the opposite direction from the blood (counter current system)

Fish 1

1. gill rakers - used to remove debris before water flows across gills. if the perch was a filter ffeeding fish, the rakers would be used to filter food from the wtaer.

2. Gill filaments

3. eye

4. Atrium - chamber with thin muscular walls

5. liver

6. ventricle - chamber with thick muscular walls

7. bulbous or conus arteriosus - chamber anterior to the ventricle. the aorta attaches anteriorly, leading to capillaries of the gills

8. fish circulatory system - single circuit. blood travels from the heart through the gills to the body and then back to the heart. blood from the body enters the atrium, descends to the ventricle where it is pumped to the bulbous arteriosus. when the ventricle relaxes (diastole(, blood is still under pressure in the bulbous anteriosus, thus maintaining even blood pressure in the aorta leading to the gill capillaries. this maintains a steady flow of the blood through the capillaries of the gills

9. gill filaments

10. liver

11. pyloric ceca

12. stomach

13. intestine

14. spleen

15. heart

16. bulbous arteriosus - acts as an elastic reservoir. expands greatly during ventricular contraction to accommodate a large amount of the blood volume from the ventricle. subsequent elastic recoil of the bulbous arteriosis gradually releases this volume to prevent gill damage due to high arterial systolic blood pressures, and to provide a more even flow of blood through the capillaries of the gill during each cycle of ventricular contraction and relaxation

Fish 2

1. liver

2. pyloric ceca

3. stomach

4. swim bladder

5. ovary

6. spleen

7. intestine

8. gall bladder

9. ventricle

10. atrium

11. bulbus or conus arteriosus

12. gall bladder - pulled out by the forceps to make it more visible

13. liver

14. swim bladder info

Superclass Gnathostomata

1. Superclass Gnathostomata, Class Mammalia (mammals) - cat skeleton

2. sacrium - vertebrae are fused are between the lumbar and caudal vertebrae

3. lumbar vertebrae

4. thoracic vertebrae - vertebrae with ribs attached to them

5. cervical vertebrae

6. skull

7. scapula (part of pectoral girdle)

8. ribs

9. sternum

10. tibia

11. fibula

12. pelvis

13. femur

14. caudal vertebae - vertebrae associated with the tail

15. tarsals

16. metatarsals

17. phalanges (toes)

18. ulna

19. metacarpals

20. humerus

21. radius

22. carpals (wrist)

23. phalanges (toes)

24. divisions of skeleton: 1. axial skeleton - bones that lie around the body’s center of gravity such as the skull, vertebrae of the spine, ribs and sternum and the appendicular skeleton - boens of the legs and feed including pectoral and pelvic girdles

Pig 1

1. Superclass Gnathostomata, Class Mammalia

2. urogenital opening - just below umbilical cord

3. penis

4. scrotum with testes

5. male

6. gential papilla just ventral to base of tail

7. genital papilla

8. female

Pig 2

1. mandibular gland partially visible, rest under parotid gland

2. lymph node - partially visible

3. parotid gland starts here, salivary gland that adds saliva and digestive enzymes to food in the mouth

4. masseter muscle - helps close the jaws (pulls lower jaw up)

5. parotid gland

6. parotid gland

7. parotid duct - carries digestive enzymes from parotid gland to oral cavity

Pig 3

1. lymph node

2. parotid gland

3. mandibular gland fully visible since parotid gland is pulled back a bit. there is a fissure in this salivary gland

Pig 4

1. hard palate

2. soft palate

3. esophagus

4. trachea

5. larynx

6. epiglottis

7. mouth

8. nose

9. esophagus

10. epiglottis - covering opening to respiratory system

11. opening to nasopharynx - when mouth is closed the epiglottis fits into the opening to the nasopharynx. it channels air, dorsal to the soft palate, into the glottis

12. hard palate

13. soft palate

14. opening to the esophagus

15. glottis - opening to the respiratory system

16. epiglottis

17. meconium - dark green/brown material seen here on the pigs tongue.

18. tongue

Fetal pig

1. larynx ( voice b ox)

2. thymus - large glandular, lymphoid tissue rich in lymphocytes ( especially T cells, cells that are part of your immunological response to antigens)

Phylum Echinodermata

1. (means prickly skin); examples include sea stars (starfish), brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and sea lilies; characteristics include water vascular system, marine, benthic, endoskeleton

2. (means serpent tail); widely distributed in all oceans. arms of brittle stars, as the name implies, easily autotomize (spontaneous casting off of a limb or other body part)

3. podia - secrete copious amounts of mucus to capture organic material

Class Echinoidea

1. (means spiny)

2. podia - in 5 major regions of the urchin and these can be extended beyond the ends of the spines

3. pedicellariae (jawed structures on the ends of slender stalks) between the spines and particularly around the mouth

4. side without the mouth

5. side with the mouth

6. pedicellariae here

7. mouth - it has 5 teeth. the entire mouth structure is called “Aristotle’s lantern”. Aristotle apparently thought the jaw-like structure looked like the frame of a lantern.

8. Internal parts of Aristotle’s lantern

9. Top one is the endoskeleton of an urchin, consists of fused dermal ossicles. Bottom one is from a sand dollar

Class Holothuroidea

1. (means plant-like animal) deposit feeding sea cucumbers use their tentacles to push sediments from the ocean floor into their mouth. organic material is then digested and absorbed and the inorganic sand is expelled out of the anus. while sea cucumbers do not have many predators, some species have anti-predator tactics including the release of sticky, white tubular material from the anus (cuverian tubules) as well as expelling their internal organs out of the mouth or anus (evisceration)

2. cuvierian tubules 0 sticky, white tubular material released from the anus that deters predators

3. evisceration - internal organs being expelled out of the anus in response to a disturbance. this doesn’t kill the animal. internal organs are regenerated in several months.

Class Asteroidea

1. (means star like) they are benthic and most are predators. they are pentaradial in their symmetry (body parts arranged radially in five or multiples of five)

2. aboral view - side without the mouth

3. arm - some have 5, other sea stars have more arms

4. central disk - arms attach to the central disk

5. madreporite - opening to the water vascular system

6. anus

7. madreporite

8. gonad

9. stone canal

10. cardiac stomach

11. mouth

12. tube feet

13. ampulla

14. lateral canal

15. radial canal

16. ring canal

17. pyloric ceca

18. pyloric stomach

Sea Star Externals

1. papula

2. coelom

3. papulae

4. spines - the structure for which this phylum is named after

5. papulae - extensions of the coelom across which oxygen is obtained and carbon dioxide diffuses to the surrounding sea water

6. pedicellariae - pincer-like structures that help keep sea stars free from unwanted organisms that might want to attach themselves to it

Sea Star Externals Oral Side

1. mouth

2. tube feet - externally you see the podia of the tube feet which occupy the ambulacral groove

3. ambulacral spines - spines that border both sides of the groove. they are movable and can interlock when the groove is contracted, thus protecting the tube feet

4. close up of the ambulacral groove

Sea Stars Finding the Radial Nerve

1. tube foot

2. nerve ring

3. radial nerve

4. light sensitive eyespot at arm tip that is connected to the radial nerve

Sea Star Arm Cross Section

1. pyloric ceca (2 per arm)

2. coelom

3. ampulla

4. podia of tube feet

5. radial nerve

6. ossicles of ambulacral ridge

7. gonads (2 per arm)

8. dermal ossicles

9. papula

10. ampulla

11. ossicles

12. ampulla muscles - contracts, then water moves from ampulla into podium to elongate it

13. postural (orienting) muscles - to orient podium in particular direction

14. retractor muslces - contracts, then water moves from podium into ampulla to shorten podium

15. levator muscles - contract, creates suction by raising center of podium

16. terminal plate

17. dermal ossicles - white particles embedded in the dermis, this along with connective tissue make up the endoskeleton

18. ampulla of tube foot

19. canal through which the radial canal runs

20. pyloric ceca (2 per arm) - attached to stomach; food digestion and absorption is completed here. enzymes are produced in these blind sac (ceca) structures.

21. dermal ossicles

22. podia of tube feet

23. gonad of sexually mature sea star

Sea Star Pyloric Arm

1. pyloric ceca (2 per arm)

2. gonads (2 per arm)

3. pyloric ceca (2 per arm)

4. gonads (2 per arm)

Sea Star Arm Close Up

1. pyloric ceca (2 per arm) - attached to pyloric stomach via pyloric duct. food digestion and absorption completed here. enzymes are produced in these blind sacs. food digested and absorbed in the ceca go into fluids filling the coelom of the sea star arm. the fluids in the coelom move throughout the arm via cilia lining the coelom.

2. pyloric stomach (below this and attached to it is the cardiac stomach which can be everted through the mouth)

3. anus

4. pyloric stomach

5. pyloric ceca (2 per arm)

6. eseophagus

7. gonads (2 per arm)

8. mouth

9. cardiac stomach

10. pyloric ducts

11. pyloric ceca

12. pyloric duct

13. pyloric stomach

14. pyloric ceca

15. pyloric ducts

16. pyloric ducts connect the pyloric stomach to the pyloric ceca and extend along the length of each arm (2 per arm). food moves from the stomach to the ceca via the ducts

Sea Star Arm Removed Pyloric Ceca

1. ambulacral ridge

2. ampullae of tube feet

3. gonad of sexually mature sea star

4. gonads (2 per arm)

5. pyloric ceca (2 per arm)

6. pyloric ceca (2 per arm)

7. gonads (2 per arm)

8. gonad of immature sea star

Sea Star Arm Final

1. gastric ligament

2. pyloric ceca pulled away to uncover gonads

Water Vascular System

1. madreporite

2. ring canal is hidden by these ossicles

3. stone canal - disappears into the ring canal (ring canal hidden by ossicles), ring canal connects to the radial canal in each arm and the radial canal connects to each tube foot via lateral canals

4. one way valve inside lateral canal

5. ampulla

6. lateral canal

7. madreporite

8. stone canal

9. ampulla

10. lateral canal

11. radial canal

12. ring canal

Phylum Arthropoda

1. Phylum Arthropoda - means “jointed food”, characteristics of this phylum include exoskeleton and jointed legs; phylum with greatest diversity or number of species

2. Subphylum Chelicerata - no antennae, 1st appendages are chelicerae, 2nd pair pedipalps and 4 pairs of walking legs, spiders, ticks, horshoe crabs, scorpions

3. Subphylum Crustacea - gills, 2 pairs of atennae, crabs, crayfish, pillbugs, shrimp, lobster

4. Supphylum Myriapoda - one pair of atennae and many legs (either 1 or 2 pair per beody segment); milipedes, centipedes

5. Subphylum Hexapoda - head, thorax, abdomen body segments, 3 pairs of walking legs, insects

6. Subphylum Chelicerata (Class Merostomata: horshoe crabs) _ found along the Atantic coast. They feed on molluscs and dead fish. A portion of the horshoe crabs b,ood is used by the biomedical industry to ensure that their products are free of bacterial contamination

7. Carapace - exoskeleton of the cephalothorax

8. abdomen

9. telson - used o help crab turn right side up when turned over

10. compound eye - can see lines, shapes, and borders

11. Gill opercula - cover gills

12. Chelicera (1st pair of appendages) - used to detect and manipulate food

13. walking legs (4 pairs)

14. pedipals (2nd pair of appendages) - in males, used to clasp female’s carapace during mating

15. gill operculum - cover gills

16. book gills - blood pumped through the gills contains hemocyanin instead of hemoglobbin

Subphylum Chelicerata (Class Arachnida)

1. Pedipalps (2nd pair of appendages) - used to grip prey and in males, transfer sperm

2. eyes

3. cephalothorax

4. dorsal view

5. abdomen

6. walking legs

7. fang

8. ventral view

9. chelicerae (1st pair of appendages) - terminal segment has a fang used to inject venom

10. spinnerets - extrude different types of silk

11. ventral view

Subphylum Hexapoda

1. Subphylum Myriapoda (centipedes and milipedes)

2. Class Chilopoda - centipedes, carnivorous, active predators; 1st trunk appendage with fang

3. one pair of legs per body segment

4. Class Diplopoda - milipedes - herbivorous; some species curl up when distrubed

5. two pairs of legs per body segment

Subphylum Hexapoda

1. Subphylum Hexapoda (insects): here are a few insect orders; many insect orders has the word “ptera” in it (i. e. Diptera) which means organisms with wings or wing-like parts

2. Order Lepidoptera - wings covered with tiny scales, wings often with colorful markings, coiled tube for amouth (butterflies, moths)

3. Order Diptera - one pair of wings (flies)

4. Thorax - locomotor structures on this segment

5. abdomen

6. Head - senosry and feeding structures on this segment

7. Order Odonata - large eyes, large membranous wings (dragonflies)

8. Order Hemiptera - piercing mouthparts (like a syringe needle), wings covered with leathery-like dover (ambush bugs, wheel bugs, cicadas)

9. Order Orthoptera - hind legs adapted for jumping (crickets, grasshoppers, katydids)

Hexapods

1. Order Coleoptera - chewing mouthparts, wings covered by a hard, often shiny covering (tiger beetles, dung beetles, ladybird beetles)

2. Order Hymenoptera - if winged, 2 pair of wings, most with thin connection between thorax and abdomen (honey bees, wasps, hornets, yellow jackets, ants)

3. Thin connnection between thorax and abdomen

4. spiracles

Subphylum Crustacea

1. Subphylum Crustacea - crabs, crayfish, pill bugs, shrimp, lobster

2. cephalothorax - covered by carapace

3. abdomen

4. walking legs

5. rostrum

6. antennules

7. antennae

8. chelipeds - 1st pair of walking legs; chela is the greek word for claw

9. anus on the telson segment (last segment of abdomen)

10. telson

11. uropods

12. swimmerets

Gender

1. white, fleshy protuberance at base of 5th pair of walking legs (last ones) bear openings to the vas deferens

2. male

3. copulatory swimmerets (stouter than other swimmerets and project anteriorly between walking legs; in males) - used to channel sperm form the opening of the vas deferens to the females seminal receptacle

4. opening to the seminal receptacle - hard protuberance between last set of walking legs. receives sperm from male

5. opening to the oviducts at the base of the 3rd pair of walking legs

6. female

Female and Male

1. male

2. copulatory swimmerets - in males and used to channel sperm from the opening of the vas deferens to the females seminal receptacle

3. fleshy protuberance at the base of the 5th pair of walking legs (last ones) bear the openings to the vas deferens (structure where sperm are . the vas deferens connects to the testes where sperm is produced

4. internal and external view of male reproductive system

5. testes

6. vas deferens

7. 5th walking leg

8. openings to the vas deferens

9. female

10. openings to the oviducts at the base of the 3rd pair of walking legs. oviducts connect to the ovaries where eggs

11. opening to seminal receptacle - hard protuberance between last sets of walking legs. receives sperm from male

12. internal and external view of female reproductive system

13. ovaries

14. oviducts

15. openings to oviducts

16. 3rd walking leg

Appendage Removal

1. atennule

2. antennae

3. cheliped

4. walking leg

5. copulatory swimmeret

6. swimmeret

7. uropod

More Appendages

1. 3rd maxilliped

More Appendages

1. 3rd maxilliped

2. 2nd maxilliped

3. 1st maxilliped

4. 2nd maxilla with bailer; bailer moves water over the gills

5. 1st maxilla

6. palp

7. three images of the mandible; first one is a ventral view and the palp is in a groove in mandible

8. here the palp has been gently pulled out of the groove in the mandible

9. dorsal view of mandible point out; palp has a sensory function

Carapace

1. 3rd maxilliped

2. 2nd maxilleped

3. 1st maxilliped

4. bailer

5. 2nd maxilla with bailer; bailer moves water over the gills

6. 1st maxilla

7. palp

8. three images of the mandible, first one is a ventral view and the palp is in a groove in mandible

9. here the palp has been gently pulled out of the groove in the mandible

10. dorsal view of mandible with palp pointed out; palp has a sensory function

More Carapace`

1. gills

2. heart is in this location. its just anterior to the abdomen

3. tissue covering stomach

4. abdominal extensor muscles 0 muscle use to straighten out the tail after the flexors bend the tail

5. heart

6. gills have been separated with a blunt probe to expose cavity with heart

7. heart removed from crayfish showing shape of heart and ostium. tip of ifne tipped forceps shown for scale

8. abdominal flexor muscles - major force for rapid backwards swimming by flexing the tail. these muscles are underneath the extensor muscles

9. vas deferns (thin tubes: this is a male crayfish)

10. hepatopancreas (yellow, soft structure that wraps around the stomach and extends into the abdomen)

11. tissue covering stomach

12. intestine

Female Reproductive System

1. ovary (with eggs visible)

2. heart

3. pyloric portion of the stomach

4. ovary (with eggs visible)

5. berried female crayfish

6. lots of eggs attached to underside of abdomen

7. heart

8. ovary

9. pyloric portion of stomach

10. oviduct

11. 3rd pair of lwalking legs

12. ovary with eggs visible

13. ovary with eggs

15. oviduct

16. hepatopancreas in abdominal area

Male Reproductive System

1. hepatopancreas

2. heart

3. heaptopancreas

4. hepatopancreas

5. intestine

6. vas deferens

7. vas deferens

8. base of 5th pair of walking leg

9. testis

10. vas deferens

11. vas deferens

12. testis

13. vas deferns

14. white fleshy protuberance at base of 5th pair of walking legs (last oness) bear openings to the vas deferens

Digestive System

1. Digestive system

2. hepatopancreas 0 serves as both the liver (hepato) and pancreas. secretes digestive enzymes to the stomach and absorbs fine particles

3. stomach

4. heart

6. gills

7. stomach - initial breakdown and digestion of food occurs

8. heart

Digestive System

1. heart

2. hepatopancreas

3. abdominal flexor muscles

4. cardiac stomach (1st part of the stomach) which is connected to the esophagus. this part has the gastric mill (teeth) used to grind up food

5. esophagus

6. pyloric stomach (2nd part of stmoach)

7. intestine

8. intestine

9. hepatopancreas

10. hepatopancreas

11. hepatopancreas - secrets digestive enzymes to the pyloric stomach and absorbs fine partciles for digestion and absorption

12. abdominal flexor muscles

13. intestine - digestion and absorption of food is completed here

14. pyloric stomach (2nd part of stomach_ which is directly connected to the cardiac stomach. it receives enzymes from the hepatopancreas to further digest food

15. cardiac stomach (1st part of stomach - which is connected to the esophagus. this part has the gastric mill which grinds up food

16. cardiac stomach cut open to show gastric mill

Excretory System

2. antennal gland

3. green or antennal glands - excretory organ, forms urine from the hemolymph

4. opening to the green glands (ventral side of animal at base of antennae)

Nervous System

1. supraesophageal ganglia

2. subesophageal ganglion

3. esophagus

4. circumesophageal connectives

5. green gland

6. supraesophageal ganglia

7. thoraic ganglion

8. abdominal ganglia

9. subesophageal ganglion

10. circumesophageal connectives

11. esophagus was here

Annelida

1. Phylum Annelida (little ring) - have serial repetition of body parts both externally and internally (metamerism)

2. Clade Errantia or Class Polychaeta (bristle worms) - (poly long hair) - can have many setae

3. setae - used in locomotion and defense

4. parapodia (pair per body segment) - foot-like structures used in locomotion and respiration (these are vascularized)

5. Nereis (sandworms and clamworms in this genus)

6. Peristomium - segment around mouth

7. Prostomium (segment before mouth) with sensory structures (eyes and tentacles)

Worms

1. Clade Sedentaria (Class Oligochaeta) - aquatic and terrerestial worms (oligo (few) long hair (chaite)

2. Class Hirudinea (leeches) - many are parasitic

3. oral sucker with mouth

4. caudal sucker - bigger than the anterior sucker

Lumbricus Terrestris

1. clitellum

2. prostomium

3. mouth

4. peristomium - first segment

5. setae - help worm hold onto a surface its crawling along

6. anus

7. pygidium

Earthworm Ventral Side

1. ventral side

2. seminal grooves

3. male pores

4. openings to the seminal receptacles

5. female pores

6. male pores

7. male pores - spermatozoa exit here and travel along seminal grooves to another earthworms seminal receptacles

8. seminal grooves

9. male pores (2)

10. earthworms are hermaphroditic (have male and female organs). when they mate, they exchange spermatozoa (mutual insemination)

11. female pores

12. female pores - oviducts discharge eggs from these pores (2)

13. male pore

14. openings to seminal receptacles

15. opening to seminal receptacles

Earthworm Cut

1. clitellum

2. typhosole

3. typhlosole - fold in intestine that inreases surface area available for digestive enzyme production and food absorption

4. intestine

Earthworm Stuff

1. dorsal blood vessel

2. intestine - where enzymatic digestion and absorption occurs

3. intestine

4. intestine pushed to the side to expose the ventral nerve cord and blood vessel

5. ventral blood vessel

6. ventral nerve cord (white in appereance)

7. remnants of septa

8. metanephrida - function like a kidney nephron; take in coelomic fluid via ciliary action and reabsorb glucose and salts while ammonia and excess water are excreted through a pore (nephridiopore) to the outside

Anterior Cut Earthworm

1. ventral side

2. dark mid-dorsal line

3. septa

4. lit area

Dorsally Cut Earthworm

1. dorsal blood vessel

2. seminal vesicles

3. pharynx

4. aortic arches

5. seminal receptacles

6. esophagus

7. crop

8. gizzard

9. intestine

10. intestine

11. crop - gray in color and soft; temporary storage structure for food

12. seminal receptacles (2 on each side) - spermatozoa from another worm stored here

13. “hairy” pharynx dilator muscles (cerebral ganglia embedded)

14. aortic arches

15. seminal receptacles (2 on each side)

16. seminal vesicles 0 spermatozoa are produced in the testes

17. gizzard - white and firm, muscular grinding organ

18. intestine

19. magnified view of aotric arches

20. dorsal blood vessel

21. aortic arches - carry blood from dorsal to ventral blood vessel

22. ventral blood vessel

Earthworm Anatomy

1. esophagus - conducts food between pharynx and crop and diagrams showing both external openings and associated internal structures

2. seminal grooves

3. male pores

4. openings to the seminal receptacles

5. female pores

6. openings to the seminal receptacles

7. dorsal blood vessel

8. tube connecting spermatozoa to male pores

9. seminal vesicles

10. aortic arches

11. pharynx

12. intestine

13. gizzard

14. crop

15. esophagus

16. seminal receptacles

17. dorsal blood vessel

18. gizzard

19. crop

20. seminal receptacles

21. aortic arches would have been here (removed to see esophagus)

22. intestine

23. seminal vesicles - pulled to the side to show the esophagus

24. esophagus - tube connecting pharynx to crop

Earthworm Stuff

1. pharynx dilator muscles

2. body wall to the prostomium

3. cerebrial ganglia imbedded in the pharynx dilator muscles

4. cerebrial ganglia

5. ventral nerve cord

Earthworm Nervous System

1. cerebrial ganglia

2. subpharyngeal ganglian (1st part of ventral nerve cord)

3. lateral nerve

4. ventral nerve cord

5. circumpharyngeal connectives - connect cerebral ganglion along the ventral nerve cord

6. blood vessels around the circumpharyngeal connectives

Earthworm Cross Section

1. cuticle and epidermis

2. dorsal blood vessel

3. typhosole

4. coelom

5. ventral nerve cord

6. ventral blood vessel

7. lumen of intestine

8. intestine

9. longitudinal muscles

10. circular muscles

Mussel Overview

1. Phylum Mollusca - Mollusca means soft; characteristics include mantle (makes shell & lines mantle cavity which contains gills or lungs), radula (subset of classes in this phylum examined)

2. Class Gastropoda (snails, slugs, conchs, etc.) - scientific name means belly (gaster), foot (podos). They have a radula (rasping tongue-like structure with chitinous teeth), gills or lungs, and they may have a shell

3. Chitinous teeth or plates of a radula

4. Snail radula - tongue-like structure that extents out of a snail’s mouth (this snail is scarping algae off glass in an aquarium using it radula

5. Wide range of marine, freshwater, and terrestrial gastropoda shells

6. Pneumostome - air enters the lung chamber through this opening in this slug

7. Limpets - marine snails that are herbivorous. They remove competitors like mussels and limpets of another species by using the shell rim like a bulldozer to dislodge the competitor from a rock surface

8. Abalone - marine snail that is an herbivore. the nacreous inner shell layer (left) is a source of mother-of-pearl

9. Conch - name given to multiple species of large marine snails. They are omnivores and are harvested for their shell and meat

Mollusca Classes

1. Class Polyplacophora (chiton) - scientific name means many (poly) plates (plax), bearing (phora). Found in intertidal marine environments where most species scrape algae off rocks using a radula

2. Class Cephalopoda (octopus, nautiloids, squid, cuttlefish) - scientific name means head (kephale), foot (podos). They have a radula, gills, and well developed arms. Unique to cephalopod mollusca is their closed-circulatory system.

3. Nautilus - this cephalopod adds chambers as it grows and it lives in the last chamber created

4. Nautilus - shows the siphuncle which connects to the bulk of the animal in the last created chamber and it is used to adjust the amount of gas in each chamber to adjust the amount of gas in each chamber to adjust the total buoyancy of the animal.

5. Cuttlebone - internal support structure for cuttle fish

Class Bivalvia

1. Class Bivalvia (clams, oysters, mussels) - scientific name means two (bi), valves (valva). They have 2 valves or shells, lack a radula and most are filter feeders. Found in marine and freshwater environments.

2. Oyster - common name for several families of marine bivalves. Several kinds of oysters are consumed raw or cooked. Pearl oysters produce pearls from their nacreous shell layer.

3. Giant clam embedded in coral showing blue pigments in the mantle of the clam

4. Several bivalves showing the two valves attached together via a hinge ligament

5. Scallop - marine bivalves that have characteristic fan shaped valves. they are prized for thier flesh. They can clap their two valves together quickly to swim away from a predator such as a sea star

6. Zebra mussel - accidentally introduced into the Great Lakes of the US most likely through the discharge of larvae in ballast water from ships originating in Europe. .these small striped bivalves have caused major damage to industry along lakes and large rivers in the eastern part of the US by clogging water intake pipes used to carry water to cool machinery

Freshwater Mussel: Externals

1. Valve (or shell) layers - all layers made by the mantle.

2. Prismatic layer - white in appearance because its made of calcium carbonate; visible hear because the periostracum has worn off

3. umbo

4. dorsal

5. hinge ligament

6. posterior

7. periostracum - outermost layer of valve; protects other valve layers

8. ventral

9. valve

10. growth rings

11. anterior

12. Hinge ligament - this ligament is under tension when adductor muscles are contracted to close the two valves

13. umbo - area of shell first to form (beak)

14. umbo

Mussel

1. anus

2. mantle

3. excurrent aperture

4. mantle

5. incurrent aperture - its the ventral opening made by the mantle

6. anus

7. excurrent aperture

8. gills

9. suprabranchial chamber

10. incurrent aperture

Mussel Anatomy

1. gills (two layers on each side of foot)

2. ventricle of heart

3. intestine - dashed line showing where it goes through the ventricle

4. posterior foot retractor muscle

5. posterior adductor muscle

6. anus

7. excurrent aperture

8. suprabranchial chamber

9. incurrent aperture

10. mantle

11. gill

12. dashed line is an area of the foot that has been cut away to show intestine winding through the foot. stomach and digestive gland are also inside the foot. the rest of the foot is filled with gonad and muscles

13. intestine

14. foot

15. mouth

16. anterior adductor muscle used the close the valves

17. anterior foot retractor muscle

18. stomach

19. digestive gland

Mussel

1. pericardial sac

2. posterior adductor muscle - used to close the valves

3. nacreous layer (mother-of-pearl)

4. region where new periostracum and prismatic layer is being layed

5. newest periostracum

6. gills

7. mantle

8. ventricle

9. rectum & anus

10. blood vessel

11. intestine

12. ostium

13. blood vessel

14. auricle

15. pericadrial sac removed to expose the ventricle and auricle

16. auricle - channels blood into the ventricle through an ostium

17. ostium

18. ventricle

Basic Clam Anatomy

1. gills

2. ventricle

3. ostium of ventricle

4. posterior foot retractor muscle

5. posterior adductor muscle

6. anus

7. suprabranchial chamber

8. water tubes

9. mantle

10. foot

11. labial palp

Clam Anatomy

1. foot

2. posterior adductor muscle

3. lateral teeth

4. pseudocardinal teeth

5. remnants of the posterior adductor muscle

6. remnants of the anterior adductor muscle

Water Flow Clam

1. mouth

2. gills

3. suprabranchial chamber

4. excurrent aperture

5. mouth

6. labial palps

7. foot

8. incurrent aperture

Clam: Close-up of Gills & Foot

1. ventricle

2. intestine

3. mantle

4. gills

5. mantle

6. gills

7. foot

8. intestine

9. gill filaments

10. water tube

11. intestine

12. gill filaments

13. water tube

14. ostia (pores on gill surface)

15. cilia

Clam

1. stomach and digestive glands

2. gonad

3. intestine

4. digestive gland

5. intestine inside foot

6. digestive gland

7. intestine

Clam Exposing Intestine

1. intestine coming out of foot

2. ventricle

3. stomach and greenish digestive glands

4. foot

5. gonad

6. intestine

7. stomach and greenish digestive glands

8. ventricle

9. intestine inside ventricle

10. digestive gland

11. stomach

12. intestine inside foot

Clam 4

1. intestine going through ventricle

2. anterior adductor muscle

3. intestine descending into foot

4. ventricle

5. intestine exposed after the ventricle was removed

6. posterior adductor muscle

7. anus

8. gill

9. digestive gland

10. foot

Clam Reproduction

1. glochidium

2. excurrent aperture

3. suprabranchial chamber

4. incurrent aperture

5. gonad

Squid 1

1. chromatophores -m enable rapid color change for camouflage, communication, and thermoregulation

2. short arms - 8, suckers along length

3. tentacles - 2, suckers at tip, used for catching prey

4. dorsal

5. anterior

6. ventral

7. mantle

8. funnel or siphon

9. fins - used for stability, maneuvering, and efficient low-speed locomotion

10. dorsal

11. posterior

12. ventral

Lateral View Squid

1. eye

2. extension of pen (an internal, chitinous support structure that runs the length of the squid’s body)

3. funnel or siphon

4. mantle

5. extension of pen

6. pen

7. probing for the beak

8. mantle cavity

9. collar of mantle - part of mantle that encircles the mantle cavity

10. circular muscles in mantle

11. mantle

12. anus

13. funnel

14. cross-section through mantle and mantle cavity

15. radial muscles in mantle

Squid 2

7. ink sac

8. male reproductive structures

9. funnel

10. male

11. testis - cream colored, soft, oval shaped organ under cecum. cecum is on top of the cream colored testis and its a thin-walled sac that is part of the squids digestive sytstem

Squid General Anatomy

1. arms

2. liver

3. gill

4. intestine

5. pancreas

6. kidney

7. branchial heart

8. systemic heart

9. cecum

10. gonad

11. stomach

12. branchial heart

13. kidney

14. ink sac

15. gill

16. funnel

17. tentacles

18. intestine

19. gill

20. systemic heart

21. branchial heart

22. ink sac

23. gill

24. branchial heart

25. testis

Squid 3

1. funnel with valve pointed out

2. funnel

3. anus

4. ink sac

5. rectum - short term fecal storage

6. gills

7. ink sac with sepia - sepia can be expelled through the funnel if the animal is disturbed

7. rectum

8. gill

9. funnel

10. liver

11. ink sac

Squid 5

1. light species

2. head

3. liver

4. funnel retractor muscles

5. head rectractor muscles

6. liver

7. funnel

8. ink sac