species and community interaction

community

All the species that occur at a particular locality.

fundamental niche

The entire area that a species is capable of using, based on its physiological tolerance limits and resource needs.

realized niche

The actual set of environmental conditions in which the species can establish a stable population.

niche

The total ways a species uses the resources of its environment.

N-dimensional hypervolume

a graphic to show organisms use their environment

interference competition

physical alteration over resources

exploitative competition

one species uses a resource and prevents another species using the resources

competitive exclusion

no 2 species can occupy identical niches forever when resources are limited

niche overlap with coexistence

if competing species co-exist either resource are not limited or niches are different

resource partitioning

Subdivision of the niche, between two or more species, to avoid competition.

character displacement

Where two similar species live together, they tend to exhibit greater differences in morphology.

the addition of removal of a predator does what

prey population explosions and crahses

2 non-lethal predator effects

1. survival and reproduction

2. prey evolution

coevolution

2 or more species directly affect each other evolution, predators depend on prey for survivial

plant adaptations against herbivores

1. morphological defenses (thorns + spikes)

2. chemical defenses (secondary chemical compounds)

3. coevolutionary responses of herbivores (monarch butterfly x milkweed)

animal adaptations against predators

value of secondary compounds in diet (monarch vs predators)

chemical defense (poison, spikes)

defensive coloration

—> warning coloration: showing color and pattern

—>cryptic coloration: blends in with the environemnt

mimicry

one species can capitalize warning coloration of another species

batesian mimicry

the species has no defensive chemicals to imitate a species that have

mullein mimicry

2 or more species that have defensive chemicals resemble one another predators only have to learn to associate the appearance of one of these species

symbiosis

2 different species living together

mutualism

mutual relationship win-win

parasitism

only one benefits and others harmed

internal endoparasites: parasites are inside

external ectoparasites: outside the body

parasitoids: insects lay their eggs on another organism

commensalism

one species benefits but the other is unaffected

predation and competition

can reduce competition among prey species by decreasing the number individuals that are competing for a resource

indirect effects

with 2 species affect each other through another species

keystone species

effects on the composition of communities are greater than expected from the abundance of the species

ecological succession: primary and secondary

primary: biological community develops from completely bare substrate

secondary: community is disturbed but organisms still remains

ecological succession: 1. establishment

1. must be able to survive harsh environments

2. R-selected species

ecological succession: 2. facilitation

causes changes in the environment that favor K selected

ecological succession: 3. inhibition

k-selected species inhibit the R-selected species that orginally change the habitat

ecological succession: 4. disturbance

frequency can affect species richness