[LBBBIO8] Activity 10 Part 1

Nomenclature

• Assigning of formal names

• Giving names to those different groups

Standard way

Nomenclature is written in this way for it to be easily recognized and avoid confusion

Binomial System

Biologists use this type of nomenclature

• Utilizes 2 different names

  • (Genus or generic name) and (Scientific or species name)

Animal-like Protists / Protozoans

• Descendants from the forms of life that gave rise to multicellular organisms

• Able to carry all life processes within the cells

• They are diverse

Modes of nutrition in Protozoans

• Autotrophic

• Heterotrophic

• Saprozoic

Modes of existance in Protozoans

• Free living

• Parasitic

• Symbiotic

• Commensal

Pseudopodia, flagella or cilia

Some or capable of locomotion because of these, and some are sessile

Reproduction in Protozoans

• Asexual by fission, budding or cyst

• Sexual by conjugation

Phylum Amoebozoa

• Most are unicellular and produce lobate pseudopodia

• Free living heterotrophs that feed by engulfing other cells with their pseudopodia

Amoeba

(Phylum Amoebozoa)

• Inhabitants of slow streams and ponds

• Cytoplasm has 2 regions

Ectoplasm

(Amoeba)

Outer colorless layer

Endoplasm

(Amoeba)

Large center granular mass

• Single nucleus

• Contractile vacuole

• Food vacuole

• Lobopodia

Lobopodia

(Amoeba)

Temporary finger-like protrusions

Phylum Apicomplexa

• Parasitic

• Apical Complexa

Apical Complexa

(Phylum Apicomplexa)

Unique combination of organelles at the anterior end of the cell

Plasmodium

(Phylum Apicomplexa)

• Causative agent of malaria

• Transmitted by the bite of Anopheles/Mosquitoes

• Parasite’s life cycle is mostly within the host’s RBCs

Schizogony

(Plasmodium)

Grow and reproduce asexually by multiple fission within the RBCs

Fusion of gametes

(Plasmodium)

Sexual production

• Macrogametes: Female

• Microgametes: Male

Schizont

(Plasmodium)
Infected RBCs

• Signet-ring or dark spots within the cells

Phylum Ciliata

• Latin word for eyelash

• Common in benthic and planktonic communities in marine, brackish and freshwater habitats and damp soils

Paramecium

(Phylum Ciliata)

• Ponds or sluggish streams with aquatic plants and decaying organic matter

• Slipper-shaped form

Pellicle

(Paramecium)

Protective outer layering

Oral groove

(Paramecium)

Runs obliquely on the ventral side

• Why the organism is asymmetrical

Cytoproct

(Paramecium)

Posterior to the oral groove

• Where waste materials are discharged

Cilia

(Paramecium)

Body entirely covered by it

Cytoplasm

(Paramecium)

• Macronucleus

• Micronucleus

• Star-shaped contractive vacuoles

Star-shaped contractile vacuoles

(Paramecium)

Osmoregulation/maintaining water and salt balance

Vorticella

(Phylum Ciliata)

• Common in freshwater

• Body shaped like inverted cup and attached by a contractile stalk

Cilia

(Vorticella)

Confined in the oral region

Macronucleus

(Vorticella)

Bean-shaped

• Daily metabolic and developmental functions

Micronucleus

(Vorticella)

Dot-like

• Heredity and reproduction

Cytoplasm

(Vorticella)

Food vacuoles

Phylum Granuloreticulosa

• Cell surrounded by plasma membrane

  • Supported by organic, agglutinated, or calcacerous test

• Reticulopodia

• Ubiquitous in all aquatic and all depths

Reticulopodia

(Phylum Granuloreticulosa)

Long thin pseudopodia that involves in feeding and reproduction

• Branch and fuse to form a network

Foraminifera

(Phylum Granuloreticulosa)

• Shelled sacrodines that live in oceans, with few in fresh and brackish water

• Slender pseudopodia extends through the pores in the test

• Shells or tests

Shells / tests

(Foraminifera)

Have many chambers and are made of calcium carbonate

Phylum Euglenida

• Shape of a cell is maintained by a pellicle

• Some secrete mucous lorica

• Mostly marine

Pellicle

(Phylum Euglenida)

Formed by interlocking strips of protein beneath the cell membrane

• Associated with linked microtubules arranged in regular pattern

Euglena

(Phylum Euglenida)

• Found in freshwater streams and ponds

• Spindle-shaped

  • Posterior end = Pointed

  • Anterior end = Blunt

• Pellicle: Beneath the other membrane

• Reservoir

• Cytoplasm

Reservoir

(Euglena)

Long, whip-like flagellum that extends from the large spherical vesicle

• Short flagellum ends within it

Cytoplasm

(Euglena)

• Minute contractile vacuoles

• Oval chloroplasts

• Paramylum bodies

• Oval nucleus: Contains a single body

Minute contractile vacuoles

(Euglena)

Stigma: They discharge their contents into this reservoir

Phylum Kinetoplastida

• Posses a single, large, elongate mitochondrion

  • Kinetoplast

• Mostly primary free-living heterotrophs in marine and freshwater environments

Kinetoplast

(Phylum Kinetoplastida)

Discoidal cristae and conspicuous discoidal concentration of mDNA

Trypanosoma

(Phylum Kinetoplastida)

• Spend their life mostly in blood and outer body fluids of the vertebrate host

• Parasite transmitted by tsetse fly

• Best observed in blood smear

• Kinetosome

• Undulating membrane

Kinetosome

(Trypanosoma)

Single flagellum that originates from posterior basal granule

Undulating membrane

(Trypanosoma)

Formed when the flagellum initially unites with the protoplasm

• Tail anteriorly as free flagellum