MGMT Final

What is the first step in the change management process?

Unfreezing: getting the people affected by change to believe that change is needed.

What does the term 'Change intervention' refer to?

The process used to get workers and managers to change their behaviors and work practices.

What is 'Refreezing' in the context of change management?

Supporting and reinforcing new changes so that they stick.

What is meant by 'organizational structure'?

The vertical and horizontal configuration of departments, authority, and jobs within a company.

What is departmentalization?

Subdividing work and workers into separate organizational units responsible for completing a specific task.

What is functional departmentalization?

Organizing work and workers into separate units responsible for particular business functions or areas of expertise.

What is the matrix organizational structure?

A hybrid organizational structure in which two or more forms of departmentalization must often be used together.

Define 'Chain of command'.

The vertical line of authority that clarifies who reports to whom throughout the organization.

What is 'Unity of command'?

A management principle that workers should report to just one boss.

What does 'line authority' mean?

The right to command immediate subordinates in the chain of command.

What is the difference between line and staff functions?

Line functions contribute directly to creating or selling the company's products, while staff functions support line activities.

Explain 'centralization of authority'.

The location of most authority at the upper levels of the organization.

What is 'decentralization'?

The location of a significant amount of authority in the lower levels of the organization.

What is job enlargement?

Increasing the number of different tasks that a worker performs within one particular job.

Define 'job enrichment'.

Increasing the number of tasks in a particular job and giving workers the authority and control to make meaningful decisions about their work.

What is a 'modular organization'?

An organization that outsources non-core business activities to outside companies, suppliers, specialists, or consultants.

What does 'virtual organization' mean?

An organization that is part of a network in which many companies share skills, costs, capabilities, markets, and customers.

What is a bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ)?

An exception in employment law that permits sex, age, religion, etc., to be used in making employment decisions if it's reasonably necessary for the business.

What characterizes a hostile work environment?

A form of sexual harassment where unwelcome sexually related behavior creates an intimidating and offensive work atmosphere.

What are Early Retirement Incentive Programs (ERIPs)?

Programs that offer financial benefits to employees to encourage them to retire early.

Define 'cybernetic control process'.

A regulatory process involving setting standards, measuring performance, comparing with standards, identifying deviations, analyzing deviations, and implementing corrective action.

What is benchmarking?

The process of identifying outstanding practices, processes, and standards in other companies and adapting them to your company.

What does 'balanced scorecard' measure?

Organizational performance in four areas: finances, customers, internal operations, and innovation and learning.

What is 'productivity'?

A measure of performance that indicates how many inputs it takes to produce or create an output.

What does ISO 9000 refer to?

A series of five international standards for ensuring consistency in quality management and quality assurance.

What is meant by 'make-to-order' manufacturing?

A manufacturing operation that does not start processing or assembling products until a customer order is received.

Define 'continuous-flow' manufacturing.

A manufacturing operation that processes goods at a continuous, rather than a discrete rate.

What is 'batch production'?

A manufacturing process that produces goods in large batches in standard lot sizes.