ANSC 351 - Cow, Calf, and Herd Health

Requirements for a successful herd health plan

-controlled breeding season

-adequate handling facilities

-adequate nutrition

-valid veterinary-client relationship

-willingness to follow program

-management level that reduces stress

Annual cow evaluation

-pregnant

-disposition

-structure (eyes, feet and legs, udder, mouth)

-BCS

Modified live vaccine

Altered or attenuated whole organism

Killed vaccine

Pieces of organism mixed with adjuvants

Modified live advantages

-better immune response

-longer lasting

-more natural and complete response

-more rapid protection

-single dose may provide protection

-less maternal antibody block

-less likely for allergic reaction

Modified live disadvantages

-possible reversion to virulent form "wild strain"

-possible excessive immune response

-risk of abortion/infertility

-possible problems in immune stressed animals

Killed vaccine advantages

-wide variety of disease protection

-limited risk of reverting to "wild strain"

-less risk of abortion

-less risk of spread to other animals

-more stable in storage

-good stimulant for colostrum

Killed vaccine disadvantages

-more likely to cause allergic reaction

-booster usually required

-slow onset of immunity

-may not stimulate as strong or long-lasting immunity

-narrower spectrum of protection

-blocking of maternal antibodies in young animals

-cost often higher than ML

Calf and heifer vaccinations

Scours, pasteurella/manheima, 7-way or 8-way clostridial, IBR/PI-3/BVD/BRSV, lepto and vibrio

Calf and heifer scours

at birth

Calf and heifer Pasteurella/ Manheima

good but not necessary

Calf and heifer 7-way or 8-way clostridial - blackleg, tetanus, perfringens

2-3 months, 4-6 months

Calf and heifer IBR/ PI-3/ BVD/ BRSV

4-6 months, 5-7 months, 12-14 months

Calf and heifer Lepto and Vibrio

12-14 months

Optional calf and heifer vaccinations

pinkeye, mycoplasma, brucellosis, foot rot

Pinkeye

Transmitted by face fly

Mycoplasma

Opportunistic

Brucellosis

Needed for breeding stock

Cow and bull vaccinations

Scours, pasteurella/manheima, 8-way clostridial, IBR/ PI-3/ BVD/ BRSV, Lepto and Vibrio

Cow and bull scours

pre-calving or annual

Cow and bull pasteurella/ manheima

if pasteurella is prevalent, pre-calving or annual

Cow and bull 8-way clostridial - blackleg, tetanus, perfringens

pre-calving, annual

Cow and bull IBR/ PI-3/ BVD/ BRSV

12-14 months, pre-calving, annual

Cow and bull lepto and vibrio

12-14 months and pre-breeding

Optional cow and bull vaccinations

pinkeye, neospora, foot rot, rabies

Anaplasmosis

transmitted by insects (ticks), zoonotic, treat with LA-200

Blackleg

8-way vaccine, bacterial infection, death is result

Bovine leukosis virus

Blood borne viral disease, manifest as tumors, enlarged lymph node, effects white blood cells, no treatment

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

Mad cow disease, no treatment

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)

Vaccination necessary, infects mucosal lining of respiratory tract, hinders ability to clear pathogens, increased risk of pneumonia

Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD)

scours/ respiratory, causes reproduction problems such as abortion

Brucellosis (Bang's)

Reproduction, zoonotic, aka undulant fever

Coccidiosis (protozoa)

yellow scours, caused by protozoa

Cryptosporidia (protozoa)

watery scours, dehydration

Foot rot

bacteria, fusobacterium necrophorum, from the mud, treated with LA-200, topical bandage

Haemophilus somnus

reproduction/ respiratory complex, shipping fever complex, with pasturella and mannheimia

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)

Bovine herpesvirus 1, upper respiratory tract, spontaneous abortion

Johne's Disease (paratuberculosis)

Bacteria, affects small intestine of ruminants, makes it thick to where animal can't absorb nutrients

Leptospirosis

bacterial, abortions, stillborn, weak calves, decreased milk

Vibriosis (STD)

bacterial (campylobater), abortions, poor conception rate, uterine infection

Listeriosis (circling disease)

bacteria (listeria monocytogenes), abortions, death, kills quickly

Which disease is associated with corn silage that didn't ferment properly?

Listeriosis

Beef quality assurance

ensures beef and dairy cattle are maintained in a manner resulting in safe and wholesome beef product

Biggest issues with quality assurance?

Branding, dark cutters, etc.

What was BQA designed for?

To enhance carcass quality by preventing residues, pathogen contamination, and carcass defects (injection sight blemishes and bruises)

Industry challenges

-injection site blemishes

-responsible drug and vaccine use

-control system

Common mistakes with medications

-off label use of drug (for disease and species)

-overmedicating

-not following withdrawal times

-failure to flush water and feed systems when feed grade meds are used

-improper administration and storage of drugs

BQA focus areas

-injections (given in the neck SQ

-carcass quality (external fat)

-dark cutters (feedyard management, implants, environment, genetics)

-facilities/ handling

-drugs and vaccines

Parasites and economics

-parasites cause many economic losses

-slow animals growth, lower feed conversion, decrease production and may cause death

-early treatments decrease economic losses

The four types of parasitic organisms

-fungi

-protozoa

-helminths (worms)

-arthropods (ticks and insects)

Two classes of external parasites

External and internal

External parasites

live outside digestive, circulatory, reproductive and internal organs as adults

Internal parasites

live within digestive, circulatory, reproductive and internal organs as adults

External control

spraying, dusting, dipping, pour-on, injection, sanitation, and pasture rotation

Internal control

putting chemicals into the body (deworming)

Tick damage

anemia, weight loss, death

Tick symptoms

unthrifty, rubbing on objects, unnatural head and ear carriage

Tick control

pasture rotation, cold winters, chemicals

Lice host

all species (only one affects swine)

Lice damage

irritation, rubbing and scratching, anemia, unthrifty, weight loss

Lice symptoms

rough hair coat, rubbing, scratching

Lice control

chemical control with sprays, dips, dust, pour-ons and injections

Mites

includes scabies, scabs, mange or barn itch, host is all species

Mites symptoms

spots of rough, crusty skin with no hair, scratching and itching

Mites control

chemicals are used, some are serious and USDA will quarantine animal

Screwworm

Larval stage (maggots) is a flesh eating worm (unless controlled, larval stage will kill host, all species), adult stage is a fly

Screwworm life cycle

-adult fly lays eggs at sight of wound

-eggs hatch in 12-24 hours into maggots feeding on flesh

-complete growth in five to seven days

-drop to ground and then burrow into soil

-pupal stage lasts for a few weeks

-emerge as flies

Screwworm symptoms

unpleasant odor, large wounds, seepage of blood serum from wound

Heel fly or cattle grub host

cattle

Heel fly or cattle grub damage

holes in hide, cattle run from flies which causes injury and weight loss, damage to meat

Heel fly or cattle grub symptoms

bumps on back, cattle running in spring for no apparent reason, presence of flies

Heel fly and cattle grub control

systemic insecticide before larvae reach back

Flies

includes stable fly, horsefly, common blowfly, house fly, deer fly, and cedar fly

Fly host

all species

Fly life cycle

-adults lay eggs in manure or dead decaying matter

-eggs hatch into larvae in 24 hours

-pupae in 5-10 days

-flies emerge from pupal stage in 5-7 days and mature to adults in a few days

Flies damage

annoying to animal causing lower feed gains and weight loss, flies transmit diseases

Flies symptoms

flies can be seen

Flies control

chemical sprays and dust, feed additives, biological control, sanitation

Loss in US beef industry due to flies

$700+ million

Irritation from flies can reduce

-weaning weights of calves by 12-14lbs

-average daily gain of grazing yearly steers 12-14%

-grazing time

-increases energy expenditure

-100-200 flies per animal

Methods of control

-insecticide sprays

-dust

-pour-ons

-oilers

-ear tags

-dust bags

-oral larvicides in minerals and blocks

-controlled release boluses

Ascarids

largest of the round worms

Ascarids host

cattle, sheep, hogs, horses

Ascarids life cycle

-adults live in small intestine, lay eggs which pass out the feces

-eggs are eaten, travel to small intestine, hatch into larvae and burrow holes through the intestinal wall

-larva migrate through liver, heart, and into lungs

-host coughs up larvae and swallows, returning larvae to small intestine to attach

-adults may grow up to 8-15" in length

Ascarids damage

to lungs and liver, causing disease and anemia

Ascarids symptoms

dull hair coat, weight loss, unthrifty

Ascarids control

chemical dewormers

Broad tapeworms host

all species are a major host, mites can be intermediate host

Broad tapeworm life cycle

humans can acquire cysts from animals

Broad tapeworm damage

no significant physical damage, compete for food

Broad tapeworm symptoms

wight loss, diarrhea, unthrifty

Broad tapeworm control

chemical control

Chemical prevention for external parasites

Malathion, diazinon, lindane, rotenone, co-ral, permethrin

Chemical prevention for internal parasites

-ivomec (ivermectin)

-tramisol, prohibit (levamisole)

-safe guard, panecur (fenbendazole)

-valbazen (albendazole)

-synanthic (oxfendazole)

-cydectin (moxidectin)

-dectomax (doramectin)

-longrange, eprinex (eprinomectin)

-bimectin (ivermectin and clorsulon)