Science 2.0

What are examples of homeostatic mechanisms? (Select all that apply.)

Shivering when body temperature falls;

Secreting insulin to decrease blood sugar concentration;

Increasing heart rate when blood pressure is low

Four friends are sharing a pizza. One friend eats half of the pizza. The other three friends share the remaining half equally. What fraction of the pizza did each of the other three friends receive?

- 1/6

A teacher asks students which day of the week they get paid and wants to show the frequency for each day. Which graph should be used?

Bar graph

Which type of tissue would send a message to the brain indicating that something has happened?

- Nervous tissue

Which inner ear structure is a fluid-filled chamber involved in hearing?

- Cochlea

Which of the following reactions occurs during thermoregulation to increase body temperature?

- The body begins shivering

Which process causes carbon dioxide to change directly from a solid to a gas?

- Sublimation

Which codon change represents a silent mutation?

- CUC → CUG

What is the role of ribosomes?

Making proteins

How many layers of tissue does the uterus have?

Three (endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium)

Which of the following is NOT a major type of carbohydrate?

Pentasaccharide

Which of these pairs does NOT match a nucleobase with its nitrogenous base class?

Purine: Thymine

Which orbital is the last to fill?

6s

How many different nucleotides are there in DNA?

Four

In general, where in the periodic table are the elements with the largest atomic radii located?

Bottom-Left corner

Which of the following does NOT obey the law of independent assortment?

Two genes next to each other on a chromosome

Which section of the digestive system receives chyme through the pyloric sphincter and continues digestion?

Duodenum

What type of mutation is represented by the sequence Original: 1 2 3 4 5 6; Mutated: 1 5 4 3 2 6?

Inversion

Which anatomical structures are commonly classified as endocrine structures that produce hormones? (Select all that apply.)

Pituitary gland; Pancreas

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands (both cortex and medulla), pancreas (specifically the pancreatic islets), and the gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females). [1, 2, 3]

What type of reaction is Cu(s) + 2AgNO₃(aq) → 2Ag(s) + Cu(NO₃)₂(aq)?

Single replacement

Identify the location where neurotransmitters are stored immediately prior to use.

Synaptic vesicles (Area B)

What structure is present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Cell membrane and RIBOSOMES

Heterozygous:

Having two different versions (alleles) of a specific gene

Homozygous:

an individual who has inherited two identical versions (alleles) of a particular gene, one from each biological parent

What are Prokaryotic cells?

simple, single-celled microorganisms that lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

They encompass two major domains of life: Bacteria and Archaea.

What are Eukaryotic cell?

a complex cell that contains a membrane-bound nucleus housing its genetic material, along with other specialized, membrane-bound structures called organelles

Largest chamber of the heart?

Left ventricle

Genotype vs. Phenotype

Genotype = genetic makeup (genes);

Phenotype = physical appearance/expressed traits

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Mitosis produces 2 identical diploid body cells; Meiosis produces 4 different haploid sex cells (sperm and eggs)

Diploid chromosome number in humans

46 chromosomes

Haploid chromosome number in humans

23 chromosomes

Function of red blood cells (RBCs)?

Transport oxygen to tissues

Law of Conservation of Mass

Matter cannot be created or destroyed

Central Dogma of Biology

DNA → RNA → Protein

What is active transport?

Movement of substances against the concentration gradient using ATP

Law of Independent Assortment

Genes for different traits separate independently during meiosis

Systemic vs. Pulmonary Circulation

Pulmonary: heart → lungs; Systemic: heart → body

Solute vs. Solvent

Solute = substance being dissolved; Solvent = substance doing the dissolving

A myocardial infarction affects which blood vessels?

Coronary arteries

Nitrogen gas (N₂) is stable because of what type of bond?

Triple covalent bond (N≡N)

Difference between a monosaccharide and a disaccharide?

Monosaccharide = one simple sugar;

Disaccharide = two simple sugars joined together

Polysaccharide = complex sugars

What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction?

Calcium released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum initiates interaction of actin and myosin filaments

Which of the following is a balanced chemical equation?

2H₂O → 2H₂ + O₂

A blood clot is composed of which components?

Platelets and fibrin

Which of the following is an example of a synthesis reaction?

A + B → AB

What are ribosomes?

Structures responsible for protein synthesis

What is transcription?

Process of making RNA from a DNA template

What is translation?

Process of making proteins from mRNA

What is ATP?

The primary energy currency of the cell

Where are coronary arteries located?

On the surface of the heart and supply oxygen

What is fibrin?

A protein that forms a mesh during blood clotting

What is a synthesis reaction?

Two or more substances combine to form one product

What is a decomposition reaction?

One compound breaks down into simpler substances

What is a single replacement reaction?

A + BC → AC + B

What is a double replacement reaction?

AB + CD → AD + BC

A genotype is:

Your complete, inherited genetic code

A phenotype is:

The observable physical or physiological expression of that code, which is shaped by both your genes and your environment.

Which of the following chemical formulas represents a substance with ionic bonding?

- NaCl

Where is the gastrocnemius vein in relation to the femoral vein?

Distal

Which is NOT a type of protein?

- Unsaturated

Which of the following is true regarding adipocytes?

- They are responsible for storing the fat that is found in adipose tissue

Which of the following is an example of a chemical change?

- Including baking soda in a recipe to make it less sour

Which of the following is exchanged between atoms that undergo ionic bonding?

Valence electrons

What is most likely the pH of a solution containing many hydroxide ions (OH⁻) and few hydrogen ions (H⁺)?

- 9

What is the typical way a solid turns into a liquid and then into a gas?

- Melting and then vaporization

Where is the scapula in relation to the olecranon?

• Superior

A resident physician is trying to convince his supervising physician that a particular diagnostic test is warranted. Which statement best communicates a reason to perform this test?

- The patient's symptoms and health history suggest that this test will reveal the correct diagnosis

Which of these body parts does NOT produce melanin?

• Cartilage

Which of the following is a carbohydrate?

- Cellulose

Enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions by:

- Lowering the activation energy of the reaction

Which of the following correctly balances the chemical reaction

CH₄ + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O? - CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O

Homeostasis is defined as:

- Tendency of the body to maintain a stable internal environment

Which of the following conclusions is supported by the data from this survey?

- Most respondents use screens more than 3 but less than 13 hours a day

What is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon that is based on prior knowledge called?

- Hypothesis

A patient lying flat on his back is in which of the following positions?

Supine

Which of the following are formed when the plasma membrane surrounds a particle outside of the cell?

- Endocytic vesicles

In a plant growth experiment, all plants receiving water survived and were healthy, while plants receiving other solutions performed worse. What is a good hypothesis for the next experiment? -

Water promotes the healthiest plant growth

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

- A tissue contains a single cell type that works to perform a specific function

Which of the choices below is the best definition for the term circulation? -

The transport of oxygen and other nutrients to the tissues via the cardiovascular system

Which of the following is NOT provided as a result of valid research and observations recorded by scientists?

- The ability to prevent earthquakes and other natural disasters

You are examining three houseflies under a microscope and find that they are all between 6 and 8 units long. Which unit of measurement is most likely being used?

Millimeters

A chemistry experiment adds different amounts of salt to water and measures boiling point. What are the independent and dependent variables?

- Independent variable: amount of salt; Dependent variable: boiling point of the water

Which of the following statements best defines an organelle?

- Specialized structures within a cell

Which of the following statements concerning the states of matter is NOT true?

- Liquids have no definite shape and no definite volume

When animals eat, insulin is released from the pancreas, stimulating glucose uptake by the liver. When glucose levels drop, the pancreas reduces insulin release. This is an example of:

- Negative feedback

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of enzymes? -

They are usually active on more than one kind of substrate

Which structure of the nervous system carries an action potential in the direction of a synapse? -

Axon

The Rutherfords have five children, all male. All five children were recently diagnosed with Disease X. What conclusion has the most rational basis for belief?

Disease X may be genetic

Which of the following is NOT true concerning correlation?

- Correlation can show cause and effect