pathology test 3

friday april 17th

What is influenza (flu)

Respiratory illness 

Contagous 

Caused by virus 

Affects nose,pharynx, sometimes lungs 

Symptoms range from mild to sever

Influenza affects what?

Affects nose,pharynx, sometimes lungs

Types of influenza viruses (common knowledge)

Influenza type A
Influenza type B 
Influenza Type C

Influenza type A (common knowledge) full definiton

Most common 

Most severe 

Cause seasonal epidemics 

Can cause pandemics 

Wide range of hosts:

Humans 

Birds 

Pigs 

Horses 

Marine animals (bradys buddy studied them for his PHD)

For all of them the virus can mutate and cause potential pandemic!!

Was responsible for the 1918 spanish flu 

Caused the 2009 swine flu

Influenza type A (common knowledge) main definition

Most common 

Most severe 

Cause seasonal epidemics 

Can cause pandemics 

Wide range of hosts: 5
Was responsible for the 1918 spanish flu 

Caused the 2009 swine flu

Influenza type A (common knowledge):common hosts

Wide range of hosts:

Humans 

Birds 

Pigs 

Horses 

Marine animals (bradys buddy studied them for his PHD)

For all of them the virus can mutate and cause potential pandemic!!

Infulenza type B: full definition

Causes seasonal flu 

Less severe than A 

Does not causes pandermics 

No subtypes 

Range of hosts:

Humans 

Seals 

Infulenza type B: main definition

Causes seasonal flu 

Less severe than A 

Does not causes pandermics 

No subtypes 

Range of hosts: 2

Infulenza type B: common hosts

Range of hosts:

Humans 

Seals 

Influenza Type C full definition

Much less common 

Causes mild illness 

Limited to humans and pigs 

No pandemics 

No major outbreaks (Epidemics)

Influenza Type C: common hosts

Limited to humans and pigs

Influenza A (subtypes) full definition

Subtypes 

2 proteins found on the surface 

1 hemagglutinin (H)

Helps virus bind to cells and enter 

18 subtypes H1-H18 (would not ask on an exam)

2 neuraminidase (N)

Helps virus leave cell and spread 

11 subtypes N1-N11 (would not ask on an exam)

Influenza A (subtypes): types

1 hemagglutinin (H)

Helps virus bind to cells and enter
2 neuraminidase (N)

Helps virus leave cell and spread 

1 hemagglutinin (H)

Helps virus bind to cells and enter

2 neuraminidase (N)

Helps virus leave cell and spread

Patho: influenza: full definition

1.entry 

Cough, sneezes, contaminated 

Nose or mouth 

Attaches to epithelial cells of the respiratory tract

2.replicate and spread 

Virus enters and multiplies inside cells 

Virus will destroy infected cells with leads to inflammation 

Can spread to lungs 

In server cases cause pneumonia

3.immune response 

Releases inflammatory mediators  

Chemicals called citocines 

Can causes fever sore throat etc 

Antibodies are produced

Patho: influenza: step 1

1.entry 

Cough, sneezes, contaminated 

Nose or mouth 

Attaches to epithelial cells of the respiratory tract

Patho: influenza: step 2

2.replicate and spread 

Virus enters and multiplies inside cells 

Virus will destroy infected cells with leads to inflammation 

Can spread to lungs 

In server cases cause pneumonia

Patho: influenza: step 3

3.immune response 

Releases inflammatory mediators  

Chemicals called citocines 

Can causes fever sore throat etc 

Antibodies are produced

Antigenic drift: full definition

When the virus accumulates small gradual mutations 

Happens often

Causes yearly flu changes 

This is why vaccines are updated annually 

Drift is horrible

Antigenic drift: main definition

When the virus accumulates small gradual mutations 

Happens often

Causes yearly flu changes 

Antigenic shift: full definition

Sudden, major change 

 Happens when two virus strains mix together

Pandemics

Antigenic shift: main definition

Happens when two virus strains mix together
Sudden, major change

White board example of influenza:

Made the example with the hammer pig about how 2 different virus mixed and created a strain no one was immune too

Tuberculosis: full definition

Infectious disease 

Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis 

Bacteria 

Usually affects lungs 

Spread through the air

Cause: Bacteria not Virus 

Spread: inhaled airborne droplets 

Risk Factors:

Close contact with infected persons 

Weak immune system 

Crowded living conditions

Poor nutrition 

Smooking 

Age

Tuberculosis: main definition

Infectious disease 

Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis 

Bacteria 

Usually affects lungs 

Spread through the air

Tuberculosis: cause and spread

Cause: Bacteria not Virus 

Spread: inhaled airborne droplets

Tuberculosis: risk factors

Risk Factors:

Close contact with infected persons 

Weak immune system 

Crowded living conditions

Poor nutrition 

Smooking 

Age  

Patho of tuberculous: full definition

1.Bacteria enters lungs 

2.bacteria taken up by macrophages (phagocytosis)

3.Bacteria have evolved to survive and multiply within the macrophages 

4.Granulomas are formed by the immune system 

To contain the bacteria (infection) with walls within the lungs 

5.Ghon lesions 

Ghon Focus 

Is first infection spot in lungs 

Ghon complex 

Spread from Ghon focus to lymph nodes

Patho of tuberculous: steps 1-3

1.Bacteria enters lungs 

2.bacteria taken up by macrophages (phagocytosis)

3.Bacteria have evolved to survive and multiply within the macrophages

Patho of tuberculous: steps 4-5

4.Granulomas are formed by the immune system 

To contain the bacteria (infection) with walls within the lungs 

5.Ghon lesions 

Ghon Focus 

Is first infection spot in lungs 

Ghon complex 

Spread from Ghon focus to lymph nodes

Latent TB infection

Bacteria is contained 

No symptoms (asymptomatic)

Not contagious 

Active TB infection

Granuloma breaks down and bacteria spreads 

Symptoms 

Contagious

Severe disease: of TB

Cavities develope 

Bacteria enters the blood 

Called Miliary TB 

Brain

Causes meningitis 

Spine 

Causes pott’s disease

Symptoms: of tuberculosis: (TB)

Cough 

Coughing up blood 

Chest pain 

Shortness of breath 

Feaver 

Night sweats 

Weight loss 

Fatigue 

Loss of appetite

Extrapulminary TB:

Swelling of lymph nobs 

Bone pain 

Abdominal pain 

Headache and confusion

Asthma: Main definition

Chronic inflammation of the airways 

Narrowing of airways 

Often reversible

Asthma: Full definition

Chronic inflammation of the airways 

Narrowing of airways 

Often reversible 

Triggers of asthma:

Allergens 

Smoke 

Pollution 

Respiratory infections 

Exercise induced asthma 

Cold air 

Pets 

Triggers of asthma:

Allergens 

Smoke 

Pollution 

Respiratory infections 

Exercise induced asthma 

Cold air 

Pets 

Risk factors: of asthma

Family history 

Allergies 

Smoke exposure 

Obesity 

Patho: of asthma

Key changes:

1 inflammation (caused trigger)

2 bronchoconstriction 

3 mucus production

White board example: of asthma

he showed two circles a large one getting smaller the tube shrinks and it gets harder to breath and some people have the smaller tube filled with mucus which can obstruct the pathway

Symptoms: of asthma

Wheezing 

Shortness of breath 

Chest tightness 

Cough

Types: of asthma (brady has non allergic asthma)

Allergic Asthma 

Non Allergic Asthma 

Exercise- Induced Asthma 

Eosinophilic Asthma

Cells involved in patho of asthma

Th2 cells (create inflammatory medicators)

Eosinophils 

Inflammatory mediators 

Cytokines (produced by the TH2 cells)

Dendritic cells (Activate TH2 cells)

These call causes triggers ie key changes

COPD: full definition

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Respiratory disorders 

Chronic Bronchitis 

Emphysema 

Often overlap in patients 

Most common cause of death worldwide 3 million a year 

Risk factors:

Smoking!

Long term exposure to pollutants and chemicals 

Genetic predisposition 

Age (not likely gonna be on the exam

COPD: Main definition

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Respiratory disorders 

Chronic Bronchitis 

Emphysema 

Often overlap in patients 

Most common cause of death worldwide 3 million a year

Risk factors: of COPD

Smoking!

Long term exposure to pollutants and chemicals 

Genetic predisposition 

Age (not likely gonna be on the exam)

Patho: COPD

Chronic inflammation– structure 

Changes to airway and alveoli! 

1.All of it leads to airflow obstruction= air trapping in the lungs  

2.gas exchange impairment (Hypoxemia and Hypercapina) ((gonna ask on test) 

Patho: COPD: step 2 gonna be asked on the test

2.gas exchange impairment (Hypoxemia and Hypercapina) ((gonna ask on test) 

Chronic Bronchitis (blue bloaters)

Inflammation of your bronuciles

How to diagnosis:

Diagnosed with a cough with spudeum (wet cough)

Greater than or equal to of 3 months (wet cough) for 2 consecutive years

Patho: of Chronic Bronchitis

Chronic inflammation of bronchi — leads to hypertrophy of mucus glands 

Glands increase in size and increased mucus production 

Airway obstruction 

Inflammation impairs ciliary function–imapired mucus clearance 

More prone to infections because the mucus traps bacteria, you not destroying 

Symptoms: of Chronic Bronchitis

Chronic production cough 

Dysmphia 

Wheezing 

Chest tightness

Blue bloaters

 because of Cyanosis (blue lips and skin)

Complications: of Chronic Bronchitis

Recurring respiratory infections 

Pulimary hypertension 

COPD can lead to right sided heart failure known as Cor Pulmonale (will ask on the test)

Complications: of Chronic Bronchitis: part asked on the test

COPD can lead to right sided heart failure known as Cor Pulmonale (will ask on the test)

Emphysema (pink Puffers)

enlargement of your aveolie (air sacks) ((permanent))

Destruction of the Alveolar walls 

Both causes leads to gas exchange reduced

Patho: of Emphysema (Pink Puffers)

Smoking– to inflammation– to loss of elastic recoil– to collapse of the airways during exhalation– to trapping of air 

Destruction of alveoli – reduced surface are for gas exchange– hypoxemia

Types: of Emphysema

1 Centriacinar (Centrilobular) 

Affects upper lobes of the lungs 

Strongly!!! Associated with smoking 

2 Panacinar 

Involves the entire lung lobe, commonly affecting lower lobes 

Strongly linked to genetic condition Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency 

3 Paraseptal 

Affects the outermost parts of the lung (near the pleura or septa)

Often Found along with other types or associated with previous lung Inflammation/infection.

Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) Study Guide Overview

FSGS is a kidney disease Affecting the Glomeruli (filtering units of the kidney)
glomeruli normally:
Filter out waster and excess water
retain red blood cells and proteins