TEAS biology

modern cell theory

cells are smallest living unit of all organisms and come from other pre-existing cells

prokaryotes

no nucleus and no memb bound organelles; carry one single loop of DNA

prokaryotes are..

bacteria and archaea

eukaryotes

fungi, animals, protist, plants

cytoskeleton

provides structure and support

microfilaments

made of actin (flexible/thin), cell movement, contraction + cytokinesis

intermediate filaments

structural stability/strength

microtubules

shape/support cell, tracks for organelle movement, form mitotic spindles

mitochondria

cellular respiration (ATP), plays key role in apoptosis (cytochrome c)

christae

folded inner membrane that incr surface area for energy production in mitochondria

matrix

where chemiosmosis occurs (H+ ions pumped across inner memb creating proton gradient used by ATP synthase to create ATP)

ribosomes

made of RNA and proteins (protein synthesis)

amino acids

building blocks of proteins

nucleolus

makes ribosomes, made of RNA and proteins

rough ER

synthesize and transport proteins

smooth ER

makes lipid/hormones, detoxification, calcium storage

centrisome

organize microtubules

centrioles

separates chromosomes during mitosis

golgi apparatus

process/packages proteins (+ lipids) to be exported (with assistance from enzymes)

chloroplast

site of photosynthesis

photosynthesis

sun energy is converted to chemical energy (glucose and o2 product)

lysosomes

digest debris/pathogen intracelluarly

cholesterol in cell memb

regulates fluidity and controls permeability

vacuole in animals

sequester waste products

vacuole in plants

maintains h2o balance

mitosis

cell division resulting in 2 daughter somatic cells, each with same number/kind of chromosomes

prophase

chromosomes become visible/condense

metaphase

chromosomes align in middle

anaphase

chromatids separate via spindles

telophase

nuclear envelope forms around chromosome

cytokinesis

cytoplasm splits, forming 2 identical diploid cells

meiosis

cell division resulting in 4 daughter sex cells with half the number of chromosomes of parent cells (32) - 2 PMATs

prophase 1

chromosomes condense + pairing of homologous chromosomes (1 from mom, 1 from dad) > crossing over occurs making recombinant chromosome

metaphase 1

homologous pairs align in the middle

anaphase 1

chromosomes separate via spindles

telophase 1

nuclear envelope forms chromosomes

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase 2

similar process to mitosis

interphase

cell growth, DNA replication (makes sister chromatids), cell processs/function

nucleotide

phosphate, deoxyribose sugar (sugar-phosphate backbone), nitrogenous base

nitrogenous base

codes for traits, held by hydrogen bonds (A-T, C-G)

genes

unit of heredity (segments of DNA) transferred from parents to offspring

structural genes

capable of encoding protein + trait expression

regulatory genes

non-coding regions, producing proteins/RNA that control gene expression

chromosome

structure of nucleic acid + protein found in nucleus, carries genetic info (46)

genetic hierarchy organization

nucleotide > gene > DNA > chromosome > genome

RNA

acts as messenger carrying info from DNA for protein synthesis, present inside and outside of nucleus

mRNA

carries genetic info to make proteins

rRNA

location of protein synthesis

tRNA

decodes mRNA into protein by delivering matching amino acid to ribosome

transcription location

nucleus

transcription

makes mRNA (copy of gene’s DNA sequence) via RNA polymerase to be sent to ribosome

translation location

cytoplasm

translation

transcribes sequence of mRNA to amino acids during protein synthesis to form polypeptide chain

alleles

variant form of a gene

dihybrid cross

FOIL method

incomplete dominance

both alleles of a gene are partially expressed (pink), one allele isn’t dominant over other

codominance

both traits are simultaneously expressed

macromolecules

carbs, lipids, protein, nucleic acids

carbohydrates

consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (1:2:1) > sugars, starch, cellulose

• monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide

what breaks down carbohydrates

amylase

cellulose

plant cell walls (carbohydrate)

chitin

fungi cell walls (carbohydrate)

cellular respiration

glucose (carb) is used to make ATP

starch

plant energy storage (carbohydrate)

glycogen

animal energy storage (carbohydrate); stored in liver + muscle tissue and hydrolyzed when needed

lipids

organic compounds (fats, mono/diglycerides, phospholipids, steroids (CHO)

lipid structure

glycerol backbone + fatty acid (long chains of carbon atoms with hydrogen)

saturated fatty acid

single bond between C atoms

unsaturated fatty acid

1 or more double bond btwn C atoms

lipids function

cell membrane, long term energy storage, insulation, hormone activity

proteins

large, comprised of 1+ long chains of amino acids (monomer), linked with peptide covalent binds

amino acid structure

H atom, amino group (N), carboxyl group (HCO2), R group (determines amino acid)

globular protein

enzyme catalysts, transport, signaling

• hemoglobin

• cell receptor

• protein channels

• acts as antibodies (immunity)

• hormones

fibrous proteins

structural strength and support

• collagen

• muscle tissue

• hair

what breaksdown proteins

pepsin and trypsin

secondary protein structure

connected by hydrogen bonds

tertiary protein structure

connected by disulfide, ionic, hydrogen, hydrophobic bonds

nucleic acid

large, in all cells + viruses (sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base = CHONP)

nucleic acid function

contains genetic info that determines traits of organisms

what connects backbone of nucleic acid

phosphodiester covalent bond

virulence

how severe/harmful disease is

virus

not cells + non-living (acellular), must enter a host to be active

capsid

outside shell of virus

genome

genetic information of virus (either RNA or DNA)

ways to rmb viruses

what you get vaccinated for (HIV, HPV, influenza)

bacteria (prokaryote)

has DNA but is not bound within organelle, unicellular

gram positive bacteria

thick cell membrane

gram negative bacteria

thin cell membrane + additional membrane

types of bacteria

cocci (circle)

bacilli (rod)

staph (clusters)

strep (line)

bacteria examples

chlamydia, pneumonia (mycoplasm), strep, staph, tetanus

fungi (eukaryotes)

reproduces sexually/asexually, uni/multicellular, decomposes

fungi (eukaryotes) example

mycosis, tinea, thrush

protozoa (eukaryote)

unicellular (malaria, giardiasis), live in h2o + soil

parasites

bacteria or protozoa, lives in host

animals (eukaryotes)

helminths (worms) and ectoparasites (mites, fleas, ticks)

helminths (worms)

cause GI diseases

• round (hook)

• flat (tape)

• liver flukes

ectoparasites

mites, fleas, ticks (lyme disease)

direct spread

oral secretion, blood, fluid; droplet spread from respiratory

indirect spread

airborne (dust), fomite/object (doorknob)

vector

infection is spread to vector (insect) which spreads