Chapters 9 and 10 Biology Study Guide

What does ATP stand for?

adenosine triphosphate

What is ATP

compound used by cells to store and release energy

What is photosynthesis

process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates such as sugars and starches

energy

the ability to do work

Where do cells store energy

the bonds of certain chemical compounds

what compound is most commonly used for this

ATP

what are the parts of ATP

a 5-carbon sugar called ribose, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups

ADP

(adenosine diphosphate) A molecule that looks like APT but with one less phosphate group

what gives ATP/ADP the ability to store energy

adding a phosphate group to ADP

How can cells release energy stored in ATP

controlled breaking of the chemical bonds between atoms in the second and third phosphate group

How does ATP store and relese energy

by forming and breaking the bond between its third phosphate group

how much ATP to organisms have and why

very little because it is not good for storing a lot of energy longterm

Where do organisms obtain ATP from

Heterotrophs get it from food, autotrophs make it themselves.

Pigment

light-absorbing molecules used by plants to gather the sun's energy

Chlorophyll

principle pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms

Thylakoid

sac-like photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts

Stroma

fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids

NADP+

(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) carrier molecule that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules

light-dependent reactions

set of reactions in photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH

Light-independent reactions

set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar; also called the Calvin cycle

Why are leaves

Chlorophyll absorbs all colors but green well, reflecting that color and miking it look green

Tyoes of chlorophyll

chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b

accessory pigments

pigments that absorb light in other regions of the spectrum

Why do leaves turn other colors when its cold

chlorophyll molecules break down first, leaving the other accessory pigments

grana

stack od thylakoids

Why is chlorophy special

it is very effective at absorbing light, transferring its energy to its own electrons

why do electrons require a carrier

they are highly reactive

electron carrier molecule

compound that can accept a pair of e- and transfer them and their energy to another molecule

What deos NADP+ turn into

NADPH by carrying two high energy e- and a hydrogen molecult

what do plants use the sugars made from photosynthesis for

make complex carbohydrates, provide energy for the synthesis of other molecules, etc

reactants and products of photosynthesis

reactants: carbon dioxide and water

products: sugars and oxygen

chemical equation of photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O ---light---> C6H12O6 + 6O2

where do light dependent reactions take place

thylakoid membrane

where do the e- used in light independent reactions come from

water

where do light independent reactions happen

stroma

inside portion of thylakoid

lumen

photosystem

cluster of proteins and chlorophyll found in thylakoids

electron transport chain

series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions

ATP synthase

cluster of proteins that span the thylakoid membrane and allow hydrogen ions (H+) to pass through it

Calvin cycle

light-independent reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar

The ------- reactions use energy from ------ to convert ------and---- into the energy and electron carriers -------and-----. These reactions also produce ---------- as a by-product.

light-dependent, sunlight, ADP and NADP+, ATP and NADPH, oxygen/O2

what do photosystems use the sun to generate

high energy e-

where doe light dependent reactions begin

photosystem II

what happens in photosystem II

chlorophyll molecules in photosystem II absorb light. This absorption of light raises electrons in chlorophyll to a higher energy level, and these high-energy electrons (e-) are passed from chlorophyll to the electron transport chain

what do enzymes break water molecules into

two hydrogen ions H+, and one oxygen atom (O)

Because the ______-charged _____ move to the outside of the membrane while the ______-charged _____ are released inside, a charge separation is built up across the membrane.

negatively, electrons, positively, H+ ions

what haooens to the oxygen created from photosyntheis

it is released

What happens to the electrons as they move along the electron transport chain?

Energy from the electrons is used by the proteins in the chain to pump still more H+ ions from the stroma inside the thylakoid sac.

Where do the e- go after the end of the first ETC

photosystem I

what does photosystem I do

Pigments in photosystem I use energy from light to reenergize these electrons

Why

because e- lose energy while passing through the ETC to pump H+ ions through

what happens next

the E- are passed along a short ETC

what happens at the end of the second ETC

NADP+ in the stroma picks up the high-energy electrons, along with H+ ions, at the outer surface of the thylakoid membrane, to become NADPH.

where do h+ ions accumulate

thylakoid space

The buildup of ----- makes the space within the thylakoids strongly ------- with respect to the stroma on the other surface of the membrane.

hygrogen ions, positive,

what provides the energy to make ATP

the difference in charge and h+ concentration

What powers ATP synthase

H+ ions crossing through it from lumen to stroma (Powered by the H+ concentration difference)

what happens when ATP sythnase turns

ATP synthase binds ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP.

The light-dependent reactions of photosythesis use ------------- energy and __________ to produce ------ gas and convert ______ and ------into the energy carriers ----- and -------.

light, water, oxygen, ADP, NADP+, ATP, NADPH

What do ATP and NADPH do in light independent reactions

provide the energy needed to build high-energy sugars from low-energy carbon dioxide.

Where do light independent reactions occur

stroma of chloroplast

what happens when CO2 enters the light independent reactions

An enzyme in the stroma of the chloroplast combines these carbon dioxide molecules with 5-carbon compounds already present in the organelle, producing 3-carbon compounds that continue into the cycle.

how many 3 carbon compunds are produced from 6CO2 molecules

12

What happens midcyle

two of the twelve 3-carbon molecules are removed from the cycle.

what do these molecules become

the building blocks that the plant cell uses to synthesize sugars, lipids, amino acids, and other compounds.

what happens to the remaining 3-carbon molecules

remaining ten 3-carbon molecules are converted back into six 5-carbon molecules. These molecules combine with six new carbon dioxide molecules to begin the next cycle.

The Calvin cycle uses __ molecules of carbon dioxide to produce --- 6-carbon sugar molecule

6, 1

What factors effect photosynthesis

temperature, light intensity, and the availability of water.

why does temperature effect photosynthesis

enzymes that carry out photosynthesis work best in specific temperature ranges (0-35 degrees celsius)

How does light intensity effect photosynthesis

high light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis. After the light intensity reaches a certain level, however, the plant reaches its maximum rate of photosynthesis.

how does water availability effect photosynthesis

a shortage of water can slow or even stop photosynthesis

plants have a specialized chemical pathway that allows them to capture very low levels of carbon dioxide and pass it to the Calvin cycle.

C4 Plants

why is it called a C4

the first compound formed in this pathway contains four carbon atoms instead of three.

pros and cons of C4 plants

The C4 pathway enables photosynthesis to keep working under intense light and high temperatures, but it requires extra energy in the form of ATP to function

CAM plants

carbon dioxide becomes incorporated into organic acids during photosynthesis. The process is called Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. Open durning the night, sealed during the day

amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree celsius

calorie

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

cellular respiration

process that requires oxygen

aerobic

Process that does not require oxygen

anaerobic

how is the energy released from food

its bonds are broken

why do different foods have different calories

chemical structures, and therefore their energy-storing bonds, differ.

chemical equation of cellular respiration

6O2 + C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

how does cellular respiration go

controlled. little bit at a time, trapping the energy in the form of ATP.

reactants and products of

oxygen, sugar (glucose)

CO2, water, and energy

3 steps of cellular respiration

glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and electron transport

where does most energy come from in cellular respiration

electron transport chain

main electron acceptor in cellular respiration

oxygen

first set of reactions in cellular respiration during which a molecule of glucose is broken into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid

glycolysis

electron carrier involved in glycolysis

NAD+

second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions

Krebs Cycle

innermost compartment of the mitochondrion

matrix

During glycolysis, 1 molecule of glucose, a ___-carbon compound, is transformed into ___ molecules of the ___-carbon compound ____

6, 2, 3, pyruvic acid.

what is produced from glycolysis per glucose

pyruvate ATP and NADH

net gain of ATP from glycolysis per glucose

2 ATP

total # of ATP made from glycolysis per glucose

4

What happens to the e- in glycolysis

4 high energy e- are picked up by NAD+ which turns into NADH

advantages of glycolysis

anerobic and fast

During the Krebs cycle_____ is broken down into ________ in a series of energy-extracting reactions.

pyruvic acid, carbon dioxide

another name for krebs cycle

citric acid cycle

when does the formation of acytl-CoA start

when pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis passes through the two membranes of the mitochondrion and into the matrix.