MCB 247 endocrine glands and hormones

Hypothalamus produces these hormones

regulatory

regulatory hormone function

Control release of hormones from anterior pituitary

Hypothalamus (from posterior pituitary) releases these hormones

antiduretic hormone (ADH)

ADH function

stimulates both kidneys to decrease urine output and thirst center to increase fluid intake when the body is dehydrated

- in high doses, ADH>> is a vasoconstrictor (vasopressin)

Anterior pituitary gland produces these hormones

- Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

- Prolactin (PRL)

- Follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH)

- luteinizing hormone (LH)

- adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

- growth hormone (GH)

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Stimulates thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones

Prolactin function

regulates mammary gland growth and breast milk production in females, may increase secretion of testosterone in males

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

controls development of both oocyte and ovarian follicle within ovaries, controls development of sperm within testes

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

induces ovulation of secondary oocyte from the ovarian follicle

- controls testosterone synthesis within testes

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) function

Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Growth Hormone (GH)

release of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) from liver

- GH and IGFs function synergistically to induce growth

Pineal gland releases

melatonin

melatonin

helps regulated the bodys circadian rhythms

functions in sexual maturation

thyroid gland releases

T3, T4, calcitonin

T3 and T4

increase metabolic rate of all cells

increase heat production (calorigenic effect)

Calcitonin

decreases blood calcium levels

most significant in children

parathyroid glands release

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

increases blood calcium levels by stimulating both release of calcium from bone tissue

- decrease loss of calcium in urine

- causes formation of calcitriol hormone (increases calcium absorption from small intestine)

thymus releases

Thymosin, thymulin, thymopoietin

Thymosin, thymulin, thymopoietin

Maturation of T-lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell or leukocyte)

adrenal cortex releases

mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, gonadocorticoids

Minerocorticoids (aldosterone)

regulate Na and K levels by

- decreasing Na

- increasing K excreted in urine

Glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol)

participate in the stress response

increase nutrients (glucose) that are available in the blood

Gonadocorticoids (e.g., dehydro-epiandrosterone [DHEA])

stimulate maturation and functioning of reproductive system

adrenal medulla releases

epinephrine and norepinephrine

epinephrine and norepinephrine

prolong effects of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

pancreas releases

insulin and glucagon

insulin

decrease blood glucose levels

glucagon

increase blood glucose levels

testes (gonads) release

testosterone, inhibin

testosterone

stimulates maturation and function of male reproductive system

Inhibin

inhibits release of follicle stimulating hormone from anterior pituitary

Ovaries (gonads) release

estrogen and progesterone, inhibin

estrogen and progesterone

stimulates maturation and function of female reproductive system

inhibin

inhibits release of follicle stimulating hormone from anterior pituitary

heart releases

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Functions primarily to decrease blood pressure by stimulating both the kidneys to

- increase urine output

- blood vessels to dilate

kidneys release

angiotensinogen

insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)

erythropoietin (EPO)

angiotensinogen

Converted by enzymes released from the kidney and within the inner lining of blood vessels to angiotensin II;

- increases blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction

- decreasing urine output; stimulates thirst center

Insulin-like growth factors

functions synergistically with growth hormone to regulate growth

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Hormone stimulating red blood cell production.

**KIDNEYS = major producers of EPO

stomach releases

gastrin

gastrin

facilitates digestion within stomach

small intestine releases

Secretin, CCK,

secretin

facilitates digestion within small intestine by helping maintain normal pH within small intestine

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

regulates digestion within small intestine by facilitating digestion of nutrients within small intestine

skin releases

Vitamin D

Vitamin D function

converted to enzymes of liver and kidney to calcitriol

functions synergistically with PTH and increases calcium absorption from small intestine

adipose connective tissue releases

leptin

leptin

helps regulate food intake

placenta releases

estrogen and progesterone

estrogen and progesterone (from placenta)

a) stimulates development of fetus

b) stimulates physical changes within mother associated with pregnancy (including uterus and mammary glands)