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These flashcards summarize key political ideologies emerging during the Industrial Revolution and their influential figures.

What were the major causes of social and political disruption in Europe during the late 18th and 19th centuries?

The disruption was due to the Industrial Revolution, the French Revolution, and the suppression of nationalist revolts during the conservative age.

What is liberalism and its key principles?

Liberalism emphasizes individual natural rights, popular sovereignty, limited government, and enlightened self-interest.

Who was Jeremy Bentham and what philosophy did he develop?

Jeremy Bentham was a British philosopher known for developing utilitarianism, which judges actions based on their ability to increase happiness.

How did John Stuart Mill contribute to liberal thought?

John Stuart Mill built on Bentham's utilitarianism by emphasizing the happiness of both individuals and society as a whole.

What was the Chartist movement in England?

The Chartist movement demanded universal male suffrage and full citizenship regardless of wealth, title, or property ownership.

What significant work did John Stuart Mill write regarding women's rights?

Mill wrote 'The Subjection of Women,' arguing for equal rights for women, including voting and property ownership.

Define socialism in the context of the 19th century.

Socialism is an ideology that advocates for the means of production to be owned by the community, calling for a redistribution of wealth.

Who is associated with Utopian socialism and what did he advocate?

Henri de Saint-Simon advocated for society to be reorganized for the benefit of workers, promoting the idea that they should control institutions.

What was Karl Marx's contribution to socialism?

Karl Marx developed 'scientific socialism' and co-authored 'The Communist Manifesto,' focusing on class struggle and economic wealth.

What did Marx and Engels believe about the nature of history?

They believed history follows laws like the natural world and progresses through stages driven by class struggles.

Who were Clara Zetkin and Rosa Luxemburg?

Clara Zetkin and Rosa Luxemburg were significant Marxist leaders who fought for women's rights and working-class rights.

What is the core idea of anarchism?

Anarchism argues that all forms of governmental authority are unnecessary and should be replaced with voluntary cooperation.

Who was Mikhail Bakunin and what was his role in anarchism?

Mikhail Bakunin was a Russian revolutionary who advocated for the overthrow of the state and the establishment of self-governing workplaces.

What concept did Georges Sorel promote related to labor unions?

Georges Sorel promoted syndicalism, advocating for the transfer of property to labor unions after the overthrow of government authorities.