Anesthesia VPMM

define anesthetic agent

all drugs used for general anesthetic or sedation

define adjunct

used with anesthetic agent but isnt an anesthetic

what an example of an adjunct

muscle relaxant

define anxiolytics

help and decrease stress and anxiety

define pharmacokinetics

what the body does to the drug

define pharmacodynamics

what drug does to the body

define sedation

mild to profound degree of CNS depression where the patient is drowsy or asleep but may be painful stimuli

sedation is administered through (2)

1. IV

   1. IM

define sedative reversal

these drugs usually have higher affinity so bind to receptors blocking the sedative from binding

what administration route is a sedatative reversal given

IM

before a pre med a —/— must be done to check the —- and — function

cbc/chem, liver and kidneys

what are the 2 common combo drugs (2+2)

1. dexmedetomidine/hydro

2. medetomidine/butorphanol

pre meds reduce

post-anesthetic excitement

define induction

is where the animal leaves the normal conscious state and enters an unconscious state

induction has the risk of causing

apnea

why does the ET tube seal the trachea (2)

1. prevent debris (saliva, vomit) in mouth from entering lungs

2. prevents the patients from breathing around the tube

how to pre measure et tube (2)

1. measure to thoracic inlet for length

2. use nostril for measure of width

can et tubes be over inflated

yes

whats the protocol for giving induction (3)

1. give half fast

2. then give to effect

3. don’t always give it all

why do we want to avoid following induction protocol (2)

1. helps reduce reduction apnea

2. don’t want fast conscious to unconscious

what is laryngoscope for

to make sure et tube is going where we wanna go

et tube adjusments must be made in — recumbancy

sternal

anesthetic machine is for what 2 sizes

1. less than 10 kg

2. bigger than 10 kg

how to flip small animal

feet under

what is it

hard palate

what is it

nasal cavity

what is it

soft palate

what is it

tonsil

what is it

tongue

what is it

epiglottis

what is it

larynx

what is it

trachea

what is it

esophagus

define maintenance

anesthetic is supplied to keep the patient at an appropriate depth of anesthesia

when doing field anesthetic how would we ideally like to try and get them down

ideally getting them to sit to control head

where is the worst location for field procedures

sandy areas

where is the best location for field procedures

grassy field

where can field anesthetic be done in horses (2)

1. jugular

2. IV

larger heart means slower heart rate which means

takes longer to take effect

how to keep horses down

putting pressure on head

sedation slows GI tract which means there is a high risk of

colic

how to flip horse under anesthetic

keep horse dorsal for a min or two then flip over

what is considered a non sterile procedure

anything before cutting through one layer tissue

how to help with recovery in the field for horses (2)

1. put pressure on head and tail from afar so they don’t fall on use

2. don’t hold bone of tail, hold very end of tail

how to do facility anesthetic when they go down

push them against wall, so they fall down it

what do you use in horses to get an et tube in

PVC pipe

how long does it take for horses to recover from anesthetic

1 hour

facilities have a recovery stall where

tail and head are held up so they are in a forced standing position

how are drugs classifies (3)

1. timing

2. effect

3. chemistry

what are the classifications under timing (4)

1. pre-anesthetic

2. induction

3. maintenance

4. recovery

what are the classifications under effect (11)

1. local anesthetic

2. general anesthetic

3. anxiolytics

4. sedatives

5. tranquilizers

6. sedatives

7. tranquilizers

8. analgesic agents

9. muscle relaxants

10. anticholinergics

11. reversal agents

what are the classifications under timing (12)

1. anxiolytics

2. anticholinergics

3. phenothiazines

4. benzothiazines

5. alphas 2

6. opioids

7. propofol

8. alfaxalone

9. barbiturates

10. dissociatives

11. guaifenesin

12. inhalants

reasons for premedications (7)

1. decrease stress and anxiety given at home

2. to calm and sedate

3. minimize adverse of other drugs later on

4. reduce nausea and vomiting

5. reduce dose of other drugs

6. produce easier et tube

7. muscle relaxant

Anxiolytics is administered — hrs before visit

1

uses of Anxiolytics (5)

1. can be used for stressful procedure

2. surgery

3. radiographs

4. nail trims

5. minimize negative effects of stress, anxiety or fear

what class is Anxiolytics (2)

anesthetic adjunct

what meds are under Anxiolytics (2)

1. gabapentin

2. trazadone

gabapentin was developed as a — —

human anticonvulsant

effects of gabapentin (3)

1. analgesia

2. reduces anxiety

3. anticonvulsant properties

trazadone was developed as a

human anti depressent

effects of trazadone

reduces anxiety fear and stress

adverse effects of trazadone

sedation

define Anticholinergic

block the binding of acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptor

effects of anticholinergic (4)

1. prevent bradycardia

2. reduces salivation and secretions

3. mydrasis

4. brochodilation

adverse effects of anticholinergic (3ish)

1. may induce first or second degree av block resulting in sinus tachycardia/arrhithmia

2. temporary bradychardia

3. increases viscosity of salivary and respiratory secretions

2 meds under Anticholinergic

1. atropine

2. glycopyrrolate

what drug is the CPR drug

atropine

glycopyrrolate is for what surgery

branchiocardiac

what drug is under phenothiazines

acepromazine maleate

how is phenothiazines administered

1. IV

2. IM

3. SQ

what is the reversal for phenothiazines

there isnt one

what are the major effects in phenothiazines (4)

1. antiarrhythmic

2. antiemetic

3. sedation

4. peripheral vasodilation

whats in peripheral vasodilation (3)

1. hypotensin

2. increased HR

3. increased heat loss

mild effects in phenothiazines (4)

1. no respiratory depression

2. worsens respiratory depression of other agents

3. antihistamine

4. no analgesia

adverse effects in phenothiazines (3)

1. reduction of seizure threshold

2. hypotension

3. penile prolapse

4. reduced PCV

what does pcv stand for

Packed Cell Volume

what is are the uses for Phenothiazines (2)

1. adjunct

   1. sedation

what meds are under benzodiazepines

1. diazepam

2. midazolam

3. zolazepam

how is benzodiazepines administered

1. IV

2. IM

3. oral

what benzodiazepines cant be given IM

diazepam

what is the reversal for benzodiazepines

flumazenil

major effects of benzodiazepines (4ish)

1. antianxiety and calming

2. anticonvulsant

3. muscle relation

4. appetite stimulant in cats and ruminants

adverse effects of benzodiazepines (6)

1. dysphoria

2. excitement

3. ataxia

4. large animals may become ataxic or recumbent

5. horses may have tremors or twitching

6. can cross placental barrier

adverse effects in diazepam (2)

1. pain

2. bradycardia

3. aponia

4. hypotension

5. cats receiving oral can develop hepatic failure

storage issues with diazepam

1. diazepam is soluble in plastic

2. diazepam and midazolam are light sensitive

is benzodiazepines a controlled medication

yes

how are alpha 2’s administered (3)

1. IV

2. IM

3. SQ

are there reversibles for alhpa 2’s

yes

major effects of alpha 2s (12)

1. lower head

2. lip droop

3. have analgesic properties

4. vasoconstriction

5. hypertension

6. bradycardia

7. arrhythmia

8. hypotension

9. depression of respiratory

10. muscle relaxation

11. vomiting in cats

12. increased effect of other anesthetic

minor effects of alpha 2s (2)

1. hypoglycemia

2. hypothermia

adverse effects of alpha 2s (9ish)

1. hyper responsive

2. aggressive

3. cattle may lie down

4. dramatic decrease of HR, BP, CO

5. brachycephalic may become dyspneic

6. hypothermia

7. increased urination

8. late stage abortion in ruminants

9. sweating in horses

drugs under alpha 2s (4)

1. xylazine

2. medetomidine/Dexmedetomidine

3. Detomidine

4. romifidine

what are 3 alpha 2 antagonists

1. tolazoline

2. yohimbine

3. atipamezole

administration routes for alpha 2 antagonists

1. IM

2. IV

3. SQ

overdose of alpha 2 antagonists causes (6)

1. excitement

2. muscle tremors

3. hypotension

4. tachycardia

5. salvation

6. diarrhea

drugs under opioids (5)

1. morphine

2. hydromorphone

3. oxymorphone

4. fentanyl

5. meperidine

6. buprenorphine

7. butorphanol

8. naloxone

administration routes for opioids (7)

1. IV

2. IM

3. SQ

4. oral

5. rectal

6. transdermal

7. epidural

major effects of opioids (6)

1. can cause sedation or excitement

2. analgesia

3. bradycardia

4. minimal decrease in respiratory rate and tidal volume

5. may cause panting

6. may be hyper responsive

minor effects of opioids (5)

1. dogs may become hypothermic

2. cats become hyperthermic

3. cats become Mydriatic

4. horses increased locomotor activity

5. ruminants can experience bloat

adverse effects of opioids (8ish)

1. anxiety

2. dysphoria

3. bradycardia

4. decreased resp rate and tidal volume

5. salivation

6. vomiting

7. initial increased peristalsis then ileus

8. addiction