Grammar MC IV - Fixed

reason for the first action/state

Adjective/verb + 着 + Verb: In this structure, the second verb PHRASE indicates the reason for the first one. p13

to use / with

Preposition 以: 以 can sometimes be translated as “to use” or “with”. p13

casual modal particle

Particle 啦: is a modal particle often used in casual conversation to suggest that the reasoning behind a statement is obvious and requires no further elaboration.

first… then…

先…再…: 再 indicates that the speaker would prefer to first finish the first clause for the second to begin. 先 is not always needed.

looking at / discussing / commenting in terms of the verb

Verb + 起来: The structure indicates that the speaker is looking at, discussing or commenting on something in terms of the action indicated by the verb.

three bedrooms, a living room, a dining room and two bathrooms

三室两厅两卫: three bedrooms, a living, a dining room and two bathrooms. 三房两厅两卫: same thing.

if this state persists

这样下去: “If this state persists…”

a large grouping of identical or similar individual objects

一 + reduplicated measure word: is used to describe a large grouping of identical or similar yet individual objects.

if it were not for / but for

要不是: if it were not for, but for.

from past till present

从来: From past till present, often followed by a negator like 不 or 没. Sometimes used in an affirmative sense, for instance to contradict.

it appears

看起来: it appears. Introduces a conclusion or opinion based on a previously stated fact or previously described situation.

as much as possible

尽可能: as much as possible. Before a modal verb: 会, 要, …

multiple attributives before a noun

Nouns with multiple attributives: a noun can take multiple attributes.

impression

印象:

to share

分享: the object of 分享 is usually an abstract noun. The verb often occurs in the pattern “跟 or 和 person 分享“.

no choice but

只好: no choice but.

by all means / absolutely must

千万: By all means, absolutely must. Is used in imperative sentences to advise or to urge. Often in the negation.

however / only / no more than

不过 II: Can serve as a conjunction but can also be an adverb. Only, no more than.

to stay up late for work or study

开夜车: to stay up late for work or study.

monosyllabic forms of disyllabic words

Monosyllabic forms of disyllabic words:

and / with

与: Conjunction and a CV. Synonymous with 和.

as long as… then…

只要…就…: Introduces a necessary condition for the result expressed by the word or phrase following 就.

even if… still…

即使…也(会，要)…: even if… I still will. Usually presents an extreme scenario. Indicates the result or conclusion that will be reached even if the previously mentioned hypothetical occurs.

to attach importance to

重视:

to equal

等于: Can mean two numbers or things are equal to each other.

casually / freely / as one likes

随便:

one tenth

十分之一: one tenth.

used when discussing particulars

是的 III: should be used when discussing particulars: time, place, manner. But also another use: it can be used to persuade someone. KIJK ECHT WEL PAGINA 132.

return to a normal active state

过来 as a complement: can express a resultative meaning. Return to a normal active state.

to improve / improvement

提高: can both be verb and noun.

since / from… till now

以来: since, from… till now.

take… for example

拿…来说: take for example. The structure is used to cite example and in spoken Chinese is often followed by 吧.

only if… then…

只有…才…: indicates that only under a certain condition can a particular result be reached.

performance / expression / to show

表现:

by / performed by

由: is a CV that introduces the person or entity performing an action.

already

都…了: means already.

V1 does V1, V2 does V2

Verb 1 的 verb 1, verb 2 的 verb 2:

adjective reduplication

Adjective reduplication II:

multiple alternatives

Multiple alternatives:

beneficial to

有益于: preposition 于 is generally used in formal Chinese. Here it basically means 对.

adjective + 于

Adjective + 于:

come up with vs recall

想出来 vs 想起来: 想出来: to come up with new way, method, name. 想起来: to recall something that has been forgotten.

used to confirm someone’s opinion

可不是吗: used to confirm someone’s opinion.

to cause / to bring about

造成:

to start with

从…做起: to start with.

house price

房价: house price.

把 structure I

把 I:

verb reduplication III

Verb reduplication III:

to give rise to

引起: to give rise to. Usually takes as object two syllable abstract nouns, such as 注意, 思考, 重视, 反对, …

to count as / can be taken as

算（是）: to count as, can be taken as.

to combine / to join

合: to combine, to join. Used to describe sharing or doing something together.

sudden / suddenly

突然: adjective, adverb and complement.

to carry out / conduct

进行: must be followed by a two syllable verb denoting an extended activity of some importance. Cannot be used with brief short actions.

one of

之一: one of.

among them / within it

其中: among them, within it.

educational visit vs sightseeing

参观 vs 游览: 参观 → to describe a visit, often for educational purposes. 游览 → to go on sightseeing.

in terms of / in the area of

在…方面: in terms of, in the area of.

X is related to Y

X 跟 Y 有关系:

never again / no longer

再也没/不…了: strong feeling of negation.

the more X, the more Y

越 X 越 Y: means that Y changes in accordance with X.

since / given that

既然: used in the first clause of a compound sentence. It restates a known scenario, reason, or premise. Main clause presents the logical conclusion derived from the condition outlined in the first clause.

while doing something, something unexpected happens

Verb 着 verb 着: must be followed by a verbal phrase. It signifies the action denoted in the phrase with the double 着 is going on, a second action happens as an unintended result or by surprise. 就 often appears in the second verbal phrase, but can be omitted.

to be called

叫做:

fortunately / luckily

好在:

to be good at

善于:

often / usually

往往:

to welcome someone

接风:

basic sentence structure

Basic sentence structure:

topic comment sentences

Word order variation: topic comment sentences

把 word order variation

Word order variation: 把

被 word order variation

Word order variation: 被

把 structure, more detail

把 II: kijk pagina 302 voor meer.

to accept / to take on / to undertake

接受: to accept, to take on, to undertake.

comment on something new

我说: comment on something new.

and no more

而已: and no more.

under / in the condition of

在…下:

what do you think?

你说呢？: what do you think?