Final Review: Second Semester 25-26

Vocabulary flashcards covering the Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Lymphatic, Urinary, Digestive, Endocrine, and Nervous systems based on the semester review guide.

Aorta

The largest artery in the body that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the systemic circuit.

Systemic Circuit

The circulation path that carries oxygenated blood to the body tissues and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.

Pulmonary Circuit

The circulation path that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs for gas exchange and returns oxygenated blood to the heart.

Vena Cava

Large veins (superior and inferior) that return deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium of the heart.

Chordea tendineae

The "heart strings" that anchor the bicuspid and tricuspid valves to the heart wall.

Internal respiration

The exchange of gases between the blood and the body cells.

External respiration

The exchange of gases between the lungs (alveoli) and the blood.

Cellular respiration

The biochemical process where cells use oxygen to produce energy.

Alveoli

Microscopic air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

Larynx

The voice box, which contains the thyroid cartilage and vocal cords.

Pathogens

Disease-causing agents that enter the body.

Antigen

A substance (usually on a pathogen) that triggers an immune response.

Liver and Spleen (during Fever)

Organs that sequester iron and zinc during a rise in body temperature, depriving bacteria and fungi of nutrients they need.

Plasma cells

Target cells derived from B-cells that are responsible for producing and releasing antibodies.

Artificially acquired active humoral response

Immunity achieved through vaccines.

Nephron

The functional unit of the kidney where urine production occurs.

Cortex (Kidney)

The outer region or layer of the kidney.

Medulla (Kidney)

The inner portion of the kidney.

Bolus

A rounded mass of chewed food mixed with saliva.

Rugae

Folds in the lining of the stomach that allow it to expand.

Peristalsis

The rhythmic muscular contractions that move food through the digestive tract.

Chyme

The semi-fluid mass of partially digested food passed from the stomach to the small intestine.

Amylase

An enzyme found in salivary glands that begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates.

Bile

A substance produced by the liver that aids in the mechanical breakdown of fats.

Thymus

The "vanishing gland" that is active during early childhood and helps stimulate lymphoid cells to produce T-cells before disappearing at puberty.

Thyroid

A butterfly-shaped gland that increases metabolism, influences growth, and causes calcium to be stored in bones.

Adrenal Glands

Glands that regulate electrolytes (sodium and potassium), assist in pain control, and trigger the "fight or flight" response of the sympathetic nervous system.

Occipital Lobe

The lobe of the cerebrum organized for vision and conscious seeing.

Frontal Lobe

The lobe responsible for intellectual processes, voluntary skeletal muscle control, speech, personality, and olfaction.

Sensory neurons

Neurons that carry impulses from the sense organs to the brain.

Interneurons

Neurons that process information from sense organs within the central nervous system.

Motor neurons

Neurons that carry impulses from the brain or spinal cord to muscles and glands.

Sympathetic Nervous System

The division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for intense activity and stress, known as "fight or flight."

Parasympathetic Nervous System

The division of the autonomic nervous system that relaxes the body, known as "rest and digest."

Neurotransmitters

Chemicals that transmit an impulse from one neuron to another.