PSY 235 Social Psychology Final Exam Review (Exams 1-4)

In natural selection, individuals in the species who are less fit than the individuals do not reproduce at all.

True or False?

False

Walter Mischel, in his "delay of gratification" paradigm, found that the longer a child could wait to eat two marshmallows (instead of one), the more positive outcomes that child experienced in life.

True of False?

True

Consider two people, described in the graph below illustrating the switch point at which each person chooses a larger, delayed option relative to the smaller, immediate option. Which of these two people is showing greater future discounting?

1. Neither person is showing any future discounting.

2. The person described by the dashed line, who switches between $125 and $150.

3. The person described by the solid line, who switched between $175 and $200.

4. Both people are discounting to the same degree.

3.

The mind is best understood as having domain-general learning programs.

True or False?

False

What is the brain's function?

1. To make you want to have children.

2. To regulate the body and generate behavior.

3. To control your behavior so you feel good about yourself.

4. To make you want to survive.

2.

The "blank slate" view of the mind is correct.

True or False?

False

Consider two people, depicted in the graph below illustrating each person's rated value of $100 at various time delays. Which of these two people is showing greater future discounting?

1. Both people are discounting to the same degree.

2. Neither person is showing any future discounting.

3. The person described by the circles, who has a shallow slope downward.

4. The person described by the triangles, who has a steeper slope downward.

4.

What kind of behavior on the part of the parent is most likely to result in healthy exploration and discovery behaviors in the child?

1. Following the child around so that her "secure base" is always present.

2. Providing care and support when the child indicates that she requires it.

3. Not worrying about giving the child a "secure base," as the child would pick up on the parent's anxiety and become anxious herself.

4. Any of the above parenting strategies would be equally likely to result in children having healthy exploration behaviors.

2.

Research shows that girls raised in harsh environments are more likely to:

1. Have fewer sexual partners in life.

2. Begin sexual activity sooner.

3. Have fewer offspring.

4. Be in long-term relationships.

2.

The idea that resources are worth less in the future than they are in the present is a starting point for which of the following theories?

1. Life History Theory.

2. Attachment Theory.

3. Social Identity Theory.

4. None of the above.

1.

How do systems in the brain contribute to Evolutionary Psychology?

1. The brain is made up of specialized programs to solve different evolutionary challenges.

2. Over time, programs in the brain to deal with predators and reproductive success operate in the same manner.

3. There is no association between brain functions and evolutionary psychology.

4. The brain uses one single program to solve evolutionary pressures.

1.

Married males are less likely to commit homicide relative to single, never-married males. This is because:

1. Males who commit homicide are in prison, and so cannot get married.

2. This is a trick question; marital status does not relate to homicide.

3. Being married is an indicator of a male having "more to lose."

4. The kinds of males who will commit homicide don't get married.

3.

There is __________ relationship between a child's attachment style with his caregiver and his adult attachment style with his intimate partner.

1. A small to medium.

2. A very large.

3. Zero.

4. An unknown.

1.

Why did Mischel's research find that the time spent waiting for two marshmallows related to achievement in that child's life?

1. Time spent waiting is an indicator of a person's ability to control attention and delay gratification, which are important skills for success in many life pursuits.

2. Consuming marshmallows too quickly leads to rapid changes in one's blood-sugar levels, which disrupt cognitive functioning.

3. Neither of the above is correct.

1.

In the "Strange Situation," a child with an anxious attachment would show which of the following patterns?

1. He would show distress at the caregiver leaving and then be quickly comforted by the caregiver when she returns.

2. He would show high distress at the caregiver leaving and would not be easily comforted by the caregiver when she returns.

3. He would show low distress at the caregiver leaving and would show low levels of affect and responding when she returns.

4. None of the above.

2.

The crucial, most important moment in the "Strange Situation" for revealing the child's attachment style is:

1. when the attachment figure leaves for the first time.

2. when the attachment figure arrives with the child.

3. when the attachment figure returns after leaving the child.

4. none of the above.

3.

Differences in child and adolescent outcomes across family structures (for example, being raised by divorced parents vs. married biological parents) are due entirely to differences in income across these groups.

True or False?

False

A person's attachment style from childhood is most likely to continue as her attachment style in adult intimate relationships if:

1. she is in a relationship with someone of a similar attachment style.

2. she is in a relationship with someone of a different attachment style.

3. she is in a relationship with someone of an unstable attachment style.

4. none of the above.

1.

According to the Fraley article for this unit, adult attachment patterns can be understood in terms of which two fundamental dimensions?

1. Responsiveness and Inconsistency

2. Responsiveness and Rejection

3. Security and Anxiety

4. Avoidance and Anxiety

4.

Where do the information processing programs in our brain come from?

1. They are the ones that were selected for over evolutionary time.

2. We learn them from our culture, parents, and social networks.

3. This is a trick question; there are no information processing programs in our brain.

1.

What is the nature of the brain?

1. The nature of the brain is to execute whatever processes are necessary to make yourself feel good.

2. The nature of the brain is computational, and we're born with the programs that execute the computations.

3. The nature of the brain is a blank slate, ready to be written on by culture.

2.

Exam 1

According to Life History Theory, why should life expectancy influence homicide rates?

1. Life expectancy is a cue to the degree to which someone else will likely murder you.

2. Life expectancy shifts the degree to which a person discounts the future.

1.

Evolutionary psychology aims to tell people why they behave the way they do, as well as what is morally good behavior.

True or False?

False

In the "Strange situation," a child with a secure attachment would show which of the following patterns?

1. He would show distress at the caregiver leaving and then be quickly comforted by the caregiver when she returns.

2. He would show high distress at the caregiver leaving and would not be easily comforted by the caregiver when she returns.

3. He would show low distress at the caregiver leaving and would show low levels of affect and responding when she returns.

4. None of the above.

1.

Research on male homicide rates and inequality has found that:

1. Increases in a state's Gini index correspond to increases in homicide rates.

2. There is little to no relationship between inequality and homicide rates.

3. Decreases in a state's Gini index correspond to increases in homicide rates.

1.

Which of the following is an example of a premise of natural selection?

1. The beak widths of birds in a given species differ across individual birds; birds with wider beaks cannot pull seeds from cracks in the ground as easily as birds with more narrow beaks.

2. A person becomes blind due to a work accident; this blindness makes her better able to read people's emotions, which benefits her social skills.

3. A frog is exposed to an environmental toxin that destroys its vocal chords, making it harder for predators to catch it.

4. More than one of the above is correct.

1.

According to Life History Theory, why would paternal absence relate to age of menarche?

1. The absence or presence of a father directly influences a child's biological development.

2. The absence or presence of a father is an indicator or cue for the harshness of a child's developmental environment.

3. The absence or presence of a father directly influences the life expectancy of the child.

2.

Which of the following is a misunderstanding of Evolutionary Psychology?

1. Psychological decisions that aided people in survival in the ancestral environment will necessarily benefit people in today's environment.

2. Evolutionary psychology describes the functionality of the brain.

3. Behavior that was once used for ancestral survival can be viewed as morally wrong today.

1.

What role does Evolutionary Psychology play in the nature/nurture debate?

1. Evolutionary Psychology is neither nature nor nurture: It requires both for its explanations.

2. Evolutionary Psychology is an argument for the importance of nature over nurture.

3. Evolutionary Psychology is an argument against the importance of culture.

4. Evolutionary Psychology is an argument for the importance of the "Blank Slate" account of the human mind.

1.

Which of the following is the central difference among the three types of child attachment styles?

1. The way in which the child represents the caregiver as a source of security.

2. The way in which the child represents his caregiver's needs.

3. Whether the caregiver can provide the necessary resources for the child.

4. Whether the child can meet the needs of his caregiver.

1.

Broadly speaking, males discount the future more than females. This can best be explained by which of the following?

1. Males have lower IQs than females, and so they make bad decisions regarding future discounting.

2. This is a trick question; males do not show greater future discounting than females.

3. Males have fewer resources as adults than females.

4. Males face greater mortality concerns than females.

4.

Which of the following child attachment styles is most likely to result from a parent who sometimes responds to the child's needs but is sometimes unresponsive to the child's needs?

1. Avoidant

2. Anxious

3. Secure

4. Half and Half

2.

The two keys to natural selection are:

1. Kin Selection; Inclusive Fitness

2. Inclusive Fitness; Differential Gene Reproduction

3. Reproductive Success; Differential Fertility

4. Reproductive Success; Inclusive Fitness

3.

On average, across nearly all child development measures, children raised _______ tend to show the best outcomes.

1. by divorced parents

2. by two married biological parents

3. by never-married mothers

2.

Differences in child and adolescent outcomes across family structures (for example, being raised by divorced parents vs. married biological parents) are only true for some racial and ethnic groups but not others.

True or False?

False

Choosing $100 today instead of $100 in a year is an example of discounting the future.

True or False?

True

A child's attachment style should become most important for social functioning:

1. under conditions of interpersonal stress.

2. under conditions of a slow life history strategy.

3. under conditions of high natural selection.

4. under conditions of high sexual selection.

1.

On measures of adolescent health and crime, children raised apart from a biological parent have the same outcomes as children raised by both biological parents.

True or False?

False

Girls raised in environments with uncertain social support will likely have more children than girls raised in environments with certain social support.

True or False?

False

"Discounting the future" refers to which of the following?

1. Not wanting to be alive in the future

2. Wanting to be alive more in the future than in the present

3. Valuing resources in the future less than they are valued today.

3.

People tend to avoid having sex with their siblings. People also tend to share more readily with relatives than with strangers. What do these two features of our psychology have in common?

1. Both can be fully explained as the product of learning from our culture what is right and wrong.

2. Both are outputs of the same evolved decision-making program.

3. Both are outputs of specialized evolved programs that deal with specific, recurrent evolutionary challenges.

3.

Research by Moffitt and colleagues looked at the relationship between childhood self-control and adult outcomes on health, finance, and crime. These researchers found that effects of self-control were due only to intelligence, and once intelligence was taken into account there were no effects of self-control on adult outcomes.

True or False?

False

Over-reproduction is one of the premises of natural selection. What does this mean?

1. Prey will reproduce at a faster rate than predators can kill them.

2. Within a species, you will have more individuals born than can survive until reproductive age.

3. Without pressures from the environment or predators, a species would over-reproduce and outgrow the available resources from the environment.

2.

According to Life History Theory, a child who developed in a harsh environment (compared to a less harsh environment) would be more likely to begin puberty later.

True or False?

False

Which of the following parenting styles is most likely to result in the child growing up to have satisfying and trusting adult relationships?

1. The parent is sometimes responsive and sometimes unresponsive.

2. The parent leaves the child alone so that she can learn to manage interpersonal relationships.

3. The parent provides the child with the minimum amount of parental intervention needed to keep the child from getting hurt and upset.

4. The parent is sensitive and responsive to the child's needs.

4.

When someone discounts the future less, that person is more likely to:

1. live a relatively-slower life strategy.

2. live a relatively-faster life strategy.

1.

In class we considered various "tradeoffs" that were part of life, including the tradeoff between "quantity" and "quality" of offspring. What does this tradeoff refer to?

1. There is a tradeoff between the number of offspring you have and the amount of resources you can devote to each offspring.

2. With each additional child you have, the quality of that child will necessarily decline.

3. With each additional child you have, the quality of that child will necessarily improve.

1.

Children raised by divorced parents tend to have better outcomes than children living with mothers who have never been married.

True or False?

True

Exam 2

In a class example, you made a judgment about who would win in a fight: a male or a female. You then found out that the male was me and the female was a professional fighter. What was the purpose of this part of the demonstration?

1. To show that people are resistant to avoiding stereotype use.

2. To show that most of the class is sexist regarding judgments of strength.

3. To show that people can easily avoid using stereotypes and instead use individuating information when given the opportunity to do so.

4. To show that people cannot avoid using stereotype information without a great degree of difficulty.

3.

We would expect that even if undergraduate participants were highly motivated to show no race bias in laboratory "shooter" tasks, they would still show race bias. Why would we expect that high motivation to avoid bias would have no effect on bias?

1. Once a stereotype is activated, it cannot be stopped.

2. Once a category become activated, the associated information will always be used.

3. The task is one that prevents people from having the ability to control their judgments.

4. This is a trick question: If people were motivated enough, they would be able to control their bias.

3.

According to the equation for knowledge activation, a knowledge unit cannot be activated if:

1. applicability is high.

2. accessibility is low.

3. applicability is zero.

4. the knowledge unit is not chronically accessible.

3.

According to most social cognition researchers, there is a chain of events by which a target person's social category could influence your judgment of that person. Suppose you are deciding on hiring a mathematician for a job. Which of the following is the chain of events by which an applicant's sex might influence your judgment of that applicant?

1. chronic accessibility of math-related concepts => use of that accessible information in judgment

2. activation of a person's sex => increased accessibility of category-related information => use of accessible information in judgment

3. activation of an applicant's sex => increased applicability of category-related information => use of available information in judgment

4. chronic accessibility of a person's sex => increased applicability of category-related information => use of applicable information in judgment

2.

According to the Jussim reading (and the data discussed in class), the effects of stereotypes are much larger than the effects of individuating information on people's judgments.

True or False?

False

Why do people use stereotypes, according to the social cognitive approach outlined by Macrae & Bodenhausen (2000)?

1. Stereotypes provide accurate information about the world.

2. Stereotypes simplify our interactions with the world.

3. Stereotypes allow us to flexibly adapt and understand the unique features of group members.

2.

Two sources of accessibility are:

1. Clear and Ambiguous

2. Aware and Unaware

3. Chronic and Priming

4. Applicability and Availability

3.

The two factors that influence the degree to which we'll be miserly v. generous with our cognitive resources are:

1. applicability and accessibility

2. motivation and ability

3. accessibility and availability

4. chronic and priming

2.

Under which of the following conditions is the accessibility of a knowledge unit most likely to influence judgments?

1. When applicability of a knowledge unit is zero

2. When two competing knowledge units have the same, high applicability

3. When applicability of a knowledge unit is high

4. Accessibility of a knowledge unit matters to the same degree under all of the above conditions.

2.

Jussim and colleagues (2009) found that the majority of our most important and well-known racial stereotypes should be classified as "inaccurate."

True or False?

False

Stereotypes are least likely to influence your judgments of another person when:

1. that person's behavior is ambiguous.

2. the stereotype is unambiguous.

3. that person's behavior is unambiguous.

4. that person is a stranger to you.

3.

Imagine you are camping in the forest with your friends. One friend tells a story about someone who was eaten alive by a bear, in a forest just like the one you are camping in. That night, you don't get any sleep because with every noise you hear, you think it's a bear walking toward your tent. According to knowledge activation principles, the story served as a ______ which made your fears of being eaten by a bear ________, and sleeping in a forest similar to the one in the story made these fears _______.

1. prime ... more accessible ... applicable

2. suppressor ... less accessible ... applicable

3. suppressor ... more accessible ... applicable

4. prime ... more applicable ... accessible

1.

People who are high in rejection sensitivity anxiously expect rejection from their partners. This anxious expectation can best be understood as:

1. high applicability of "rejection."

2. high chronic accessibility of "rejection."

3. low temporary accessibility plus high chronic accessibility of "rejection."

4. high temporary accessibility of "rejection."

2.

According to the work on illusory correlation, which of the following is a possibility for how race-based stereotypes might form?

1. Attention is drawn to racial majorities and to common behaviors, and this combined attention results in the formation of a stereotype.

2. People are forming accurate representations of real differences across racial groups.

3. Attention is drawn to racial minorities and to infrequent behaviors, and this combined attention results in the formation of a stereotype.

4. People are forming exaggerated representations of small differences across racial groups.

3.

It makes no sense to ask about the accuracy of stereotypes, because stereotypes are inaccurate by definition.

True or False?

False

Stereotypes can be understood as:

1. attributes associated with a category.

2. liking/disliking based on group membership.

3. behaviorally discriminating based on group membership.

4. none of the above

1.

When undergraduate participants complete laboratory-based "shooter" tasks, they:

1. incorrectly shoot unarmed White males at higher rates than they incorrectly shoot unarmed Black males.

2. are faster to shoot unarmed Black males but not more likely to shoot them.

3. incorrectly shoot unarmed Black males at higher rates than they incorrectly shoot unarmed White males.

4. show no difference in shooting unarmed White males and unarmed Black males.

3.

Work on the illusory correlation by Hamilton & Gifford (1976) conclusively demonstrated that the way people form stereotypes in the real world is through the pairing of distinctive or infrequent occurrences.

True or False?

False

A major claim among stereotyping researchers has been to argue that:

1. bias emerges from people's motivations to treat outgroup members differently.

2. bias can always be controlled if a person has the right motivation.

3. bias can occur even in the absence of a person intending for it to happen.

4. bias emerges only when people are not motivated to control it.

3.

Suppose you worked every night at the post office, handling letters for hours and hours. Then suppose you come to class one morning and I asked you to fill in "l _ _ _ er". Why might your nightly job influence how you complete that word?

1. Your job decreased the applicability of letter for "l _ _ _ er".

2. Your job increased the applicability of letter for "l _ _ _ er".

3. Your job had primed letter, and the momentary accessibility from the night before was carrying over to the next day.

4. Your repeated activation of letter at your job increased the chronic accessibility of that concept.

4.

Oswald and colleagues (2013) studied whether the strength of people's implicit racial bias, as measured by the IAT, related to their behavior toward Blacks and Whites. These researchers found that implicit bias strongly correlated with actual behavior.

True or False?

False

It is routinely found in laboratory "shooter" tasks that people shoot unarmed Black males at higher rates than unarmed White males. However, in class we discussed reasons why we might need to be cautious in using this finding to explain real-world shooting behavior by police officers. Which of the following is a reason why we might conclude that police officers making shooting decisions in the real world are not influenced by the citizen's race?

1. When targets in the "shooter" task are placed in dangerous neighborhoods, no race bias is observed.

2. Police officers do not have the same levels of cognitive ability as untrained participants in the shooter task.

3. Race bias is only observed in "shooter" tasks when the objects held by targets cannot be easily identified.

4. None of the above

1.

The accuracy of stereotypes refers to:

1. whether all members of a group have the stereotype attribute.

2. whether people can be accurate about a group in the presence of individuating information.

3. the convergence between beliefs about group members' attributes and actual group members' attributes.

3.

What do the Stroop task and the Implicit Association Task have in common?

1. Both involve automatic and controlled processes in conflict.

2. Both involve responses that can change depending on how much time you have to respond.

3. Both involve stereotypes.

4. More than one of the above is correct.

4.

Suppose you completed an Implicit Association Test, and your score revealed that you were faster to complete the science/male & arts/female block of trials compared to the science/female & arts/male block of trials. Which of the following correctly describes what this score means?

1. It means you are sexist against males.

2. It means you have stored associations between sex and academic discipline, and you may or may not consciously agree with these associations.

3. It means you have stored associations between sex and academic discipline, and you must consciously agree with these associations.

4. It means you are sexist against females.

2.

Which of the following is an example of spreading activation?

1. You hear "bank" and "money" becomes activated.

2. You see a Chinese woman and the category "Chinese" automatically becomes activated.

3. You see a Chinese woman and the category "Chinese" becomes activated if you have sufficient ability and/or motivation.

4. None of the above.

1.

Mendoza-Denton and colleagues (2002) studied Black college students entering a historically White (Ivy League) university. These researchers found that students' degree of race-based rejection sensitivity (RS) related to a host of outcomes, including discomfort in transitioning to college. Which of the following is the most likely reason why race-based RS showed this effect?

1. Students high in race-based RS were more unpleasant people than students low in race-based RS, so they had a harder time in university.

2. Students high in race-based RS were interpreting ambiguous situations in terms of rejection based on their race, which affected the quality of their experience at the university.

3. Students high in race-based RS were experiencing more unambiguous race-based rejection situations, which affected the quality of their experience at the university.

4. Students high in race-based RS were worse students than students low in race-based RS, so they had a harder time in university.

2.

Which of the following conditions could lead to greater use of stereotype information?

1. A decision is being made under time pressure.

2. It is early morning, and the person is an evening person (and therefore doesn't have a lot of cognitive resources).

3. The situation being judged is very ambiguous.

4. All of the above

4.

Using a stereotype to make decisions will lead to increased accuracy under which of the following conditions?

1. The stereotype is relatively inaccurate.

2. You have a lot of individuating information about a person.

3. You have unambiguous individuating information about a person.

4. The stereotype is relatively accurate and you have only a small amount of ambiguous individuating information.

4.

Oswald and colleagues (2013) found that people who showed implicit racial bias were much more likely to show "microaggressions" when interacting with Black Americans.

True or False?

False

Evaluate the following claim: "Measures such as the IAT show that people's stereotypes of different racial groups can be automatically activated. Because of this, people will always be influenced by race stereotypes."

1. This claim is correct.

2. This claim is not correct because stereotypes influence judgments only under certain conditions, such as when the judgment is ambiguous.

3. This claim is not correct because people can avoid the influence of stereotypes if they are sufficiently motivated to do so.

4. None of the above are correct answers.

2.

In class you were primed with positive or negative adjectives. You then read a paragraph about Michael and later described him. Why did the priming of the adjectives influence your descriptions of Michael?

1. Because the priming influenced the chronic accessibility of the positive or negative adjectives.

2. Because Michael's behaviors were ambiguous with respect to whether they were good or bad.

3. Because Michael's behaviors were ambiguous with respect to whether he performed them or not.

4. Because the priming influenced the applicability of the positive or negative adjectives.

2.

In class you made a judgment about who would win in a fight: a male or a female. The far majority of the class chose "male." What was the purpose of this demonstration?

1. To show that most of the class is sexist regarding judgments of strength.

2. To show that the use of categorical information can increase accuracy of people's judgments.

3. To show that the use of categorical information can decrease accuracy of people's judgments.

4. This is a trick question; most of the class chose "female."

2.

When you hear the word "bird," "robin" is more likely to come to mind than "penguin." According to the principles of knowledge activation, why is this?

1. A penguin isn't a bird.

2. The number of letters in "bird" more closely matches "robin" than "penguin."

3. You have had more frequent co-activation of "bird" and "robin" than you have had with "bird" and "penguin."

4. None of the above

3.

Evaluate the following claim: "Measures such as the IAT show that people's stereotypes of different racial groups can be automatically activated. Because of this, people will always be biased in how they treat people from other racial groups."

1. This claim is correct.

2. This claim is not correct because measures such as the IAT generally do not relate to people's actual judgments of or interactions with actual members of stereotyped groups.

3. This claim is not correct because measures such as the IAT do not measure people's stereotypes.

4. None of the above are correct answers.

2.

Which of the following changes to the in-class "Michael" (Donald) example would have resulted in you not using the primed adjectives to describe Michael?

1. If there was less time between the priming and reading about Michael.

2. If the primed adjectives were more applicable to Michael's behavior.

3. If Michael's behaviors were less ambiguous (i.e., more clearly positive or negative).

4. None of the above would change the results.

3.

We saw one example of priming during the in-class demonstration on completing the word "l _ _ _ er." Why did priming have the effect that it had?

1. It increased the applicability of either ladder or letter.

2. It increased the momentary accessibility of either ladder or letter.

3. It increased the feature overlap between the incomplete word and either ladder or letter.

4. It lowered the activation potential of either ladder or letter.

2.

People who are high in rejection sensitivity readily perceive rejection from their partners. This ready perception can best be understood as:

1. high activation of "rejection" when ambiguous behaviors are encountered.

2. high applicability of "rejection" when ambiguous behaviors are encountered.

3. high temporary accessibility of "rejection."

4. high chronic accessibility of "rejection."

1.

Stereotypes can be understood as:

1. expectancies about category members.

2. always making people less accurate in their judgments of others.

3. always making people more accurate in their judgments of others.

4. impossible to avoid using in making judgments of others.

1.

People are satisficers. What does this mean?

1. People's satisfactory approaches to information processing lead them to create a meaningful whole.

2. We are satisfied only when we exert maximum effort at a task.

3. If something is important enough, we will have maximum ability to complete the task.

4. Unless something is important to us, we only try to do "good enough."

4.

Exam 3

Suppose your daughter (who you like) comes home one day with an "A+" on her math exam. Consider Regan, Straus, & Fazio's (1974) experiment, in which participants made attributions of a target person's success and failure. Given the results of this experiment, which of the following would you be most likely to think?

1. "She got an A+ because she had a good test-taking day."

2. "She got an A+ because she's so smart."

3. "She got an A+ because it was an easy test."

4. "She got an A+ because the teacher likes her."

2.

Answer the following question with Dweck's work on mindsets and attributions in mind. You are the coach of a basketball team. Your players don't want to practice dribbling the basketball, and you need to motivate them to practice. According to Dweck, which of the following would be the most motivating for the players?

1. "I'll give you $500 if you practice."

2. "Practicing is part of being a great basketball player, and you value being a great basketball player."

3. "If you put in the effort now, you'll develop and become a great basketball player."

4. "I'll give you $1 if you practice."

3.

Imagine a child who is punished by his teacher because he does not behave with enough respect toward his teacher: He tries to act in the same way toward the teacher as he does toward his fellow peers. This child has failed to grasp the important advancement of which stage?

1. Level 2: Late Sensorimotor and Early Interrelational Development

2. Level 3: Late Interrelational and Early Dimensional Development

3. Level 4: Late Dimensional and Early Vectorial Development

4. None of the above stages

4.

Imagine a child going through the stages of development. At some point this child comes to realize that the reason her mom scolds her when she throws toys around the house is because the mom doesn't want her to throw toys around the house. This child is most likely in which of the following stages?

1. Level 2: Late Sensorimotor and Early Interrelational Development

2. Level 3: Late Interrelational and Early Dimensional Development

3. Level 4: Late Dimensional and Early Vectorial Development

4. None of the above stages

2.

Bruner and other New Look researchers were interested in motivated perception. What was the major problem for them in demonstrating that motivation could actually change what people saw?

1. The data did not support the idea that motivation could influence perception.

2. This is a trick question: Bruner studied motivated cognition, not motivated perception.

3. It was always possible that people were simply discounting the experimenter's instructions in Bruner's tasks.

4. It was impossible to distinguish what people actually experienced from their self-reports of what they experienced.

4.

Imagine you hate this class. (I know, this is impossible. But just imagine it for the sake of the question.) Suppose I convince you to tell 5 of your friends that this is the greatest class you've ever taken. Imagine as a reward for doing this, I give you some extra credit points toward your final grade. According to cognitive dissonance theory, which of the following is most likely?

1. You would like the course more if I gave you just 1 extra credit point rather than 50 extra credit points.

2. You would like the course more if I gave you 50 extra credit points rather than just 1 extra credit point.

3. You would like the course less for having had to tell a lie relating to it.

4. The amount of extra credit points I gave you would have no effect on how much you liked the course.

1.

Doing an activity for the inherent pleasure of the activity defines _______. Doing an activity in order to obtain some outcome defines ______.

1. intrinsic motivation... extrinsic motivation

2. augmentation... discounting

3. internal locus... external locus

4. external regulation... external motivation

1.

According to Yeager & Dweck (2012), the major distinction in Dweck's mindset work is between believing that intellectual abilities are:

1. qualities that can be developed versus qualities that are fixed.

2. qualities that change slowly versus qualities that change quickly.

3. qualities that some people know about and qualities that some people don't know about.

4. none of the above.

1.

One fundamental self-regulatory building block is the understanding that the caregiver's responses make the child feel a certain way, that they have some significance for the self. In which stage is this most likely to occur?

1. Level 2: Late Sensorimotor and Early Interrelational Development

2. Level 3: Late Interrelational and Early Dimensional Development

3. Level 4: Late Dimensional and Early Vectorial Development

4. None of the above stages

1.