CDI445 Final2

Why is it important to study typical language development?

You must know what typical or normal language development looks like in order to identify what is atypical or disordered.

What is the nature vs. nurture question in language development?

It asks whether children have an innate ability to learn language or whether language is learned from the environment.

What is the Behaviorist theory of language development?

The Behaviorist theory, associated with B.F. Skinner, says children learn language through their environment using reinforcement and punishment.

Who is associated with the Behaviorist theory?

B.F. Skinner.

What is an example of Behaviorist language learning?

A parent says 'cracker,' the child says 'ka-ka,' and the parent responds positively by saying 'Yes, that is a cracker!' and giving the child a cracker.

What is positive reinforcement in language learning?

Positive reinforcement happens when a child receives something encouraging after using language, which makes the child more likely to use that language again.

What is the Constructivist theory of language development?

The Constructivist theory, associated with Piaget, says children learn language through developmental stages, with cognitive ability leading language development.

Who is associated with the Constructivist theory?

Piaget.

What does the Constructivist theory emphasize?

It emphasizes that children move through stages and must develop earlier cognitive skills before later language skills can develop.

What is the Social Interactionist theory of language development?

The Social Interactionist theory, associated with Vygotsky, says children learn language through social connections and interactions with people who understand the language system better.

Who is associated with the Social Interactionist theory?

Vygotsky.

What does the Social Interactionist theory emphasize?

It emphasizes nurture, social interaction, and learning from others.

What is ZPD?

ZPD stands for Zone of Proximal Development, which refers to what a child can learn with support from someone more knowledgeable.

What is the Emergentist theory of language development?

The Emergentist theory is a newer theory that views language development as a blend of nature and nurture.

What does the Emergentist theory use to understand language development?

It may use technology such as brain imaging to better understand language development.

How does the Emergentist theory view biology and environment?

It suggests that biology adapts to the environment and that language develops through a mix of biological and environmental factors.

What are the three early stages of language development?

Perlocutionary, illocutionary, and locutionary stages.

What is the perlocutionary stage?

The stage from birth to 8 months when caregivers assign meaning or intention to an infant’s cries, smiles, vocalizations, and gestures.

What age range is the perlocutionary stage?

Birth to 8 months.

What are examples of communication in the perlocutionary stage?

Crying, smiling, vocalizing, gestures, eye contact, routines, and caregiver-directed speech.

What is the illocutionary stage?

The stage from 9 to 12 months when infants begin to intentionally communicate through differentiated cries, smiles, and gestures.

What age range is the illocutionary stage?

9 to 12 months.

What happens during the illocutionary stage?

Infants begin intentionally responding to caregivers and learning cause-and-effect communication.

What is the locutionary stage?

The stage beginning around 12 months when children use first words to express intention.

What age range is the locutionary stage?

12 months and older.

What major language milestone occurs in the locutionary stage?

First words begin and children move toward the 'word boom.'

Put these early communication attempts in order: babbling, first words, jargon, reflexive sounds, cooing.

Reflexive sounds → cooing → babbling → jargon → first words.

What are reflexive sounds?

Early infant sounds such as crying, coughing, burping, or other automatic vocalizations.

What is cooing?

Early vowel-like sounds infants make, often during comfortable social interaction.

What is babbling?

Repeated consonant-vowel sounds, such as 'bababa' or 'dadada.'

What is jargon?

Speech-like strings of sounds that sound like real speech but do not contain true words.

When do first words usually appear?

First words usually appear between 10 and 16 months.

What are the subdomains of communication listed in the PowerPoint?

Early pragmatic skills, vocabulary development, multiple word combinations, morphosyntax development, and advanced pragmatic and discourse development.

What are early pragmatic skills?

Early social communication skills used to interact with others.

What are examples of infant early pragmatic skills?

Eye contact, nonverbal and verbal turn-taking, and joint visual attention.

What is joint visual attention?

Joint visual attention happens when a child and caregiver focus on the same object, person, or event.

What are examples of toddler pragmatic skills?

Requesting or demanding, questioning, responding, stating, early discourse, initiating and maintaining topics, and repairing communication.

What does it mean to repair communication?

It means fixing a communication breakdown, such as repeating, clarifying, or changing the message.

What is the 'word boom'?

The rapid increase in vocabulary that occurs as children begin learning and using many new words.

By 2 years old, how many words do children typically produce according to the PowerPoint?

About 200 to 500 words.

What kinds of words does a 2- to 3-year-old use?

Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and function words.

What pushes vocabulary development when children begin school?

School experiences, classroom learning, social interaction, and exposure to more advanced language and literacy.

What are multiple word combinations?

Early combinations of words children use before more advanced syntax develops.

When do multiple word combinations usually occur?

During the toddler to preschool years.

Give an example of an agent + action word combination.

'Mommy go.'

Give an example of an action + object word combination.

'Eat cookie.'

Give an example of an agent + object word combination.

'Daddy ball.'

Give an example of an action + location word combination.

'Go home.'

Give an example of a possessor + possession word combination.

'My toy.'

Give an example of an attribute + entity word combination.

'Big dog.'

What is morphosyntax?

Morphosyntax refers to how morphology and syntax work together in language.

When do syntax and morphology begin to emerge?

Around 24 to 26 months.

Why are the lines between syntax and morphology considered blurred?

Because grammar involves both word structure and sentence structure working together.

Morphosyntax development corresponds with which Brown’s stages?

Brown’s stages II through V+.

What are grammatical morphemes?

Grammatical morphemes are small units of meaning that show grammar, such as tense, number, possession, or ongoing action.

Name examples of grammatical morphemes from the PowerPoint.

Present progressive, regular plural noun, irregular past tense verb, possessive form, regular past tense, and third-person singular verb.

What is present progressive?

The '-ing' form of a verb that shows ongoing action, such as 'running' or 'eating.'

What is a regular plural noun morpheme?

The '-s' or '-es' ending that shows more than one, such as 'dogs' or 'boxes.'

What is an irregular past tense verb?

A past tense verb that does not use regular '-ed,' such as 'went,' 'ate,' or 'ran.'

What is a possessive form?

A form that shows ownership, such as 'Mommy’s shoe.'

What is regular past tense?

The '-ed' ending used to show past action, such as 'walked' or 'jumped.'

What is third-person singular verb form?

The verb form that adds '-s' for he, she, or it, such as 'runs,' 'jumps,' or 'eats.'

When do advanced pragmatic and discourse skills continue to develop?

During the school years.

Why are advanced pragmatic and discourse skills important in school?

They help students participate successfully in social activities, group learning, classroom discussions, and peer interactions.

What does discourse mean?

Discourse refers to connected communication, such as conversations, storytelling, explanations, or classroom discussion.

What are examples of school-related pragmatic and discourse skills?

Gaining access to social activities, participating in group learning, responding to others’ comments, sustaining cooperative group communication, negotiating differences, offering opposing opinions appropriately, and responding to feedback.

Why does a student need to respond to others’ comments by validating their opinions?

To show respect, maintain conversation, and participate appropriately in social and academic interactions.

What does it mean to sustain cooperative group communication?

It means keeping a group conversation or task going in a respectful, helpful, and collaborative way.

What does it mean to negotiate differences in opinions?

It means discussing disagreements respectfully and working toward understanding or compromise.

What does it mean to offer contraindicating opinions with socially appropriate strategies?

It means disagreeing or giving an opposing opinion in a respectful and appropriate way.

Why is responding appropriately to teacher or peer feedback important?

It helps students learn, participate in school tasks, and maintain positive relationships.

Which theory says language is learned through reinforcement and punishment?

Behaviorist theory.

Which theory says cognitive development leads language development?

Constructivist theory.

Which theory says children learn language through social interaction?

Social Interactionist theory.

Which theory says language development is a blend of nature and nurture?

Emergentist theory.

Which stage occurs from birth to 8 months?

Perlocutionary stage.

Which stage occurs from 9 to 12 months?

Illocutionary stage.

Which stage begins around 12 months?

Locutionary stage.

What stage includes first words?

Locutionary stage.

What stage involves caregivers assigning meaning to infant behaviors?

Perlocutionary stage.

What stage involves intentional communication before true words?

Illocutionary stage.

What are the five communication subdomains listed in the PowerPoint?

Early pragmatic skills, vocabulary development, multiple word combinations, morphosyntax development, and advanced pragmatic/discourse development.