CDI445 Final2

Language Development Theory Flashcards

Front: Why is it important to study typical language development?
Back: You must know what typical or normal language development looks like in order to identify what is atypical or disordered.

Front: What is the nature vs. nurture question in language development?
Back: It asks whether children have an innate ability to learn language or whether language is learned from the environment.

Front: What is the Behaviorist theory of language development?
Back: The Behaviorist theory, associated with B.F. Skinner, says children learn language through their environment using reinforcement and punishment.

Front: Who is associated with the Behaviorist theory?
Back: B.F. Skinner.

Front: What is an example of Behaviorist language learning?
Back: A parent says “cracker,” the child says “ka-ka,” and the parent responds positively by saying “Yes, that is a cracker!” and giving the child a cracker.

Front: What is positive reinforcement in language learning?
Back: Positive reinforcement happens when a child receives something encouraging after using language, which makes the child more likely to use that language again.

Front: What is the Constructivist theory of language development?
Back: The Constructivist theory, associated with Piaget, says children learn language through developmental stages, with cognitive ability leading language development.

Front: Who is associated with the Constructivist theory?
Back: Piaget.

Front: What does the Constructivist theory emphasize?
Back: It emphasizes that children move through stages and must develop earlier cognitive skills before later language skills can develop.

Front: What is the Social Interactionist theory of language development?
Back: The Social Interactionist theory, associated with Vygotsky, says children learn language through social connections and interactions with people who understand the language system better.

Front: Who is associated with the Social Interactionist theory?
Back: Vygotsky.

Front: What does the Social Interactionist theory emphasize?
Back: It emphasizes nurture, social interaction, and learning from others.

Front: What is ZPD?
Back: ZPD stands for Zone of Proximal Development, which refers to what a child can learn with support from someone more knowledgeable.

Front: What is the Emergentist theory of language development?
Back: The Emergentist theory is a newer theory that views language development as a blend of nature and nurture.

Front: What does the Emergentist theory use to understand language development?
Back: It may use technology such as brain imaging to better understand language development.

Front: How does the Emergentist theory view biology and environment?
Back: It suggests that biology adapts to the environment and that language develops through a mix of biological and environmental factors.

Stages of Language Development Flashcards

Front: What are the three early stages of language development?
Back: Perlocutionary, illocutionary, and locutionary stages.

Front: What is the perlocutionary stage?
Back: The stage from birth to 8 months when caregivers assign meaning or intention to an infant’s cries, smiles, vocalizations, and gestures.

Front: What age range is the perlocutionary stage?
Back: Birth to 8 months.

Front: What are examples of communication in the perlocutionary stage?
Back: Crying, smiling, vocalizing, gestures, eye contact, routines, and caregiver-directed speech.

Front: What is the illocutionary stage?
Back: The stage from 9 to 12 months when infants begin to intentionally communicate through differentiated cries, smiles, and gestures.

Front: What age range is the illocutionary stage?
Back: 9 to 12 months.

Front: What happens during the illocutionary stage?
Back: Infants begin intentionally responding to caregivers and learning cause-and-effect communication.

Front: What is the locutionary stage?
Back: The stage beginning around 12 months when children use first words to express intention.

Front: What age range is the locutionary stage?
Back: 12 months and older.

Front: What major language milestone occurs in the locutionary stage?
Back: First words begin and children move toward the “word boom.”

Early Expressive Language Flashcards

Front: Put these early communication attempts in order: babbling, first words, jargon, reflexive sounds, cooing.
Back: Reflexive sounds → cooing → babbling → jargon → first words.

Front: What are reflexive sounds?
Back: Early infant sounds such as crying, coughing, burping, or other automatic vocalizations.

Front: What is cooing?
Back: Early vowel-like sounds infants make, often during comfortable social interaction.

Front: What is babbling?
Back: Repeated consonant-vowel sounds, such as “bababa” or “dadada.”

Front: What is jargon?
Back: Speech-like strings of sounds that sound like real speech but do not contain true words.

Front: When do first words usually appear?
Back: First words usually appear between 10 and 16 months.

Subdomains of Communication Flashcards

Front: What are the subdomains of communication listed in the PowerPoint?
Back: Early pragmatic skills, vocabulary development, multiple word combinations, morphosyntax development, and advanced pragmatic and discourse development.

Front: What are early pragmatic skills?
Back: Early social communication skills used to interact with others.

Front: What are examples of infant early pragmatic skills?
Back: Eye contact, nonverbal and verbal turn-taking, and joint visual attention.

Front: What is joint visual attention?
Back: Joint visual attention happens when a child and caregiver focus on the same object, person, or event.

Front: What are examples of toddler pragmatic skills?
Back: Requesting or demanding, questioning, responding, stating, early discourse, initiating and maintaining topics, and repairing communication.

Front: What does it mean to repair communication?
Back: It means fixing a communication breakdown, such as repeating, clarifying, or changing the message.

Vocabulary Development Flashcards

Front: When do first words usually appear?
Back: First words usually appear between 10 and 16 months.

Front: What is the “word boom”?
Back: The rapid increase in vocabulary that occurs as children begin learning and using many new words.

Front: By 2 years old, how many words do children typically produce according to the PowerPoint?
Back: About 200 to 500 words.

Front: What kinds of words does a 2- to 3-year-old use?
Back: Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and function words.

Front: What pushes vocabulary development when children begin school?
Back: School experiences, classroom learning, social interaction, and exposure to more advanced language and literacy.

Multiple Word Combination Flashcards

Front: What are multiple word combinations?
Back: Early combinations of words children use before more advanced syntax develops.

Front: When do multiple word combinations usually occur?
Back: During the toddler to preschool years.

Front: Give an example of an agent + action word combination.
Back: “Mommy go.”

Front: Give an example of an action + object word combination.
Back: “Eat cookie.”

Front: Give an example of an agent + object word combination.
Back: “Daddy ball.”

Front: Give an example of an action + location word combination.
Back: “Go home.”

Front: Give an example of a possessor + possession word combination.
Back: “My toy.”

Front: Give an example of an attribute + entity word combination.
Back: “Big dog.”

Morphosyntax Development Flashcards

Front: What is morphosyntax?
Back: Morphosyntax refers to how morphology and syntax work together in language.

Front: When do syntax and morphology begin to emerge?
Back: Around 24 to 26 months.

Front: Why are the lines between syntax and morphology considered blurred?
Back: Because grammar involves both word structure and sentence structure working together.

Front: Morphosyntax development corresponds with which Brown’s stages?
Back: Brown’s stages II through V+.

Front: What are grammatical morphemes?
Back: Grammatical morphemes are small units of meaning that show grammar, such as tense, number, possession, or ongoing action.

Front: Name examples of grammatical morphemes from the PowerPoint.
Back: Present progressive, regular plural noun, irregular past tense verb, possessive form, regular past tense, and third-person singular verb.

Front: What is present progressive?
Back: The “-ing” form of a verb that shows ongoing action, such as “running” or “eating.”

Front: What is a regular plural noun morpheme?
Back: The “-s” or “-es” ending that shows more than one, such as “dogs” or “boxes.”

Front: What is an irregular past tense verb?
Back: A past tense verb that does not use regular “-ed,” such as “went,” “ate,” or “ran.”

Front: What is a possessive form?
Back: A form that shows ownership, such as “Mommy’s shoe.”

Front: What is regular past tense?
Back: The “-ed” ending used to show past action, such as “walked” or “jumped.”

Front: What is third-person singular verb form?
Back: The verb form that adds “-s” for he, she, or it, such as “runs,” “jumps,” or “eats.”

Advanced Pragmatic and Discourse Development Flashcards

Front: When do advanced pragmatic and discourse skills continue to develop?
Back: During the school years.

Front: Why are advanced pragmatic and discourse skills important in school?
Back: They help students participate successfully in social activities, group learning, classroom discussions, and peer interactions.

Front: What does discourse mean?
Back: Discourse refers to connected communication, such as conversations, storytelling, explanations, or classroom discussion.

Front: What are examples of school-related pragmatic and discourse skills?
Back: Gaining access to social activities, participating in group learning, responding to others’ comments, sustaining cooperative group communication, negotiating differences, offering opposing opinions appropriately, and responding to feedback.

Front: Why does a student need to respond to others’ comments by validating their opinions?
Back: To show respect, maintain conversation, and participate appropriately in social and academic interactions.

Front: What does it mean to sustain cooperative group communication?
Back: It means keeping a group conversation or task going in a respectful, helpful, and collaborative way.

Front: What does it mean to negotiate differences in opinions?
Back: It means discussing disagreements respectfully and working toward understanding or compromise.

Front: What does it mean to offer contraindicating opinions with socially appropriate strategies?
Back: It means disagreeing or giving an opposing opinion in a respectful and appropriate way.

Front: Why is responding appropriately to teacher or peer feedback important?
Back: It helps students learn, participate in school tasks, and maintain positive relationships.

Quick Review Flashcards

Front: Which theory says language is learned through reinforcement and punishment?
Back: Behaviorist theory.

Front: Which theory says cognitive development leads language development?
Back: Constructivist theory.

Front: Which theory says children learn language through social interaction?
Back: Social Interactionist theory.

Front: Which theory says language development is a blend of nature and nurture?
Back: Emergentist theory.

Front: Which stage occurs from birth to 8 months?
Back: Perlocutionary stage.

Front: Which stage occurs from 9 to 12 months?
Back: Illocutionary stage.

Front: Which stage begins around 12 months?
Back: Locutionary stage.

Front: What stage includes first words?
Back: Locutionary stage.

Front: What stage involves caregivers assigning meaning to infant behaviors?
Back: Perlocutionary stage.

Front: What stage involves intentional communication before true words?
Back: Illocutionary stage.

Front: What are the five communication subdomains listed in the PowerPoint?
Back: Early pragmatic skills, vocabulary development, multiple word combinations, morphosyntax development, and advanced pragmatic/discourse development.