canine management 1

canine management

• reproduction

• puppy development

• core vaccine

intact female

bitch

intact male

stud dog

delivery/birth

whelping

neonatal period

0-10 days

infant period

11days - 3 weeks

socialization period

3-12 weeks

fear period

8-12 weeks

juvenile period

12 weeks to puberty (about 6 months)

adolescent period

puberty to social maturity

what happens at neonatal period

• eyelids and external ear canals closed

• strong suckle, raised head, slide along and vocalize

• altricial

• dependent on mom for food, thermoregulation, and stimulation to urinate/defecate

altricial

born in an undeveloped state

what happens at infant period

puppies developed vision/hearing and move a lot. provide a complex environment to allow for optimal development of the nervous system and desensitization to “frightening” stimuli

• eyelids open (full sight by 4-8 weeks)

• external ear canals open (full hearing by 3-6 weeks)

• walk and urinate/defecate spontaneously

• 1st deworming

what age do eyelids open during the infant period

10-16 days

what age to external ear canals open during the infant period

12-14 days

what age do puppies walk and urinate/defecate during the infant period

14-21 days

what age is the 1st deworming during the infant period

14 days

deworming puppies

• most, not all, puppies are born with worms

• therefore recommend frequent deworming of puppies is often recommended

process of how worms are born with worms

• infected dog passes toxocara egg in feces, milk, and in utero

• toxocara egg is passed in dog feces

• toxocara larva (inside egg) develops in the environment

• dog ingests toxocara larva/egg or dog ingests transport host

socialization period

expose puppies to all situations they are likely to encounter during life and begins vaccinations

• baby teeth erupt

• testes descend

• socialize with other dogs

• adult postures and movements

• socialization with people (learn biting inhibition)

• first vet visit with vaccinations

what age to baby teeth erupt during socialization period

3-6 weeks

what age to testes descend and socialize with other dogs during socialization period

4-6 weeks

what age to adult postures and movements during socialization period

6-8 weeks

what age do puppies socialize with people

6-12 weeks

what happens during the 6-12 week peiod when dogs are socializing with people

• basic training: sit, stay, down, come, crate train, leash walk, and so on

• house training: outside at the right times; same place;; positive reinforcement

what age is the first vet visit with vaccinations

6-8 weeks

when are puppies weaned

6-8 weeks

• keep with the litter until 8-10 weeks, if possible)

what happens during the fear period

• occurs during the socialization period (3-12 weeks(

• a traumatic experience may make a puppy fearful, anxious or neurotic

• training should be thoughtful

what happens during the juvenile period

• rapid physical development

• increased independence

• continued training

• fear periods (lasting 3 weeks)

what happens during the adolescent period

degree of social maturity varies by breed

neuter

castration (removal of testes)

spay

ovariohysterectomy, OHE or OVH (removal of ovaries and uterus)

benefits of OHE

• no unplanned pregnancies

• no estrus behavior

• decreased risk of uterine disease

• decreased risk of ovarian disease

• decreased risk of mammary tumors: intact females have 4x greater risk of benign and malignant tumors in dogs than spayed females

risk of OHE

• surigcal risk

• anesthetic risk

• urinary incontinence 3%

• weight gain

• permanent

• if timing is wrong

when should puppies be spayed

6 months

research on 35 breeds of dogs revealed that early neutering might increase the risks of

• joint disorders

• cancers

• breed and size specific (>40lbs)

• delay castration/OHE to 1 yr or 2yrs

joint disorders

• hip dysplasia

• elbow dysplasia

• &/or cranial cruciate ligament tear

cancers

• lymphosarcoma

• mast cell tumor

• hemangiosarcoma

• osteosarcoma

timing of spay and neuter

not one-size fits all

• the best time may depend of a dogs behavioral tendencies (roaming, marking, aggression), environmental factors (housing fencing, space), job (working dog vs pet), and legal requirements of a city/town

canine estrous cycle

non-seasonally monoestrous

canine puberty

4-9 months up to 2 yrs

phases in canine estrous cycle

• proestrus

• estrus

• diestrus

• anestrus

proestrus

9 days (0-28 days)

estrus

9 days (1-24 days)

diestrus

2 months or about 60days

what hormone is high during diestrus

progesterone

anestrus

3-5 months or 90-150 days (<3 months = subfertile)

time between estrus

4-13 months with an average of 7 months

what happens during proestrus (1st day od spotting)

• female attracts male but resists breeding

• enlarged vulva

• blood-tinged uterine discharge

hormones during proestrus

• estrogen (produced by growing ovarian follicles) is increasing through proestrus and peaks just before onset of standing heat

• progesterone is at basal level

what happens during estrus

• seeks male, flags tail, stands for mating

• pink-straw colored discharge

hormones during estrus

• estrogen is dropping

• progesterone is rising

• LH surge

• ovulation

what happens during diestrus

• wont stand for mating

• little to no discharge

hormones during diestrus

• estrogen is baseline

• progesterone peaks at 15-90ng/ml at 15-30 days of diestrus, then drops to <2ng/ml by the end of diestrus

• prolactin causes mammary gland development

prolactin

causes mammary gland development

what happens during anestrus

• lasts 3-5 months

• no behavioral signs

• estrogen fluctuates

• progesterone is low

bitch gestation length

• 65 ± 1 day from LH peak

• 63 ± 8 (pregnancy) days from breeding (range 55-71)

normal whelping stages

1. preparation (6-24 hrs)

2. delivery of puppies (variable)

3. delivery of placentas

stage 1: preparation (6-24 hrs)

• increased fetal cortisol = increase placental and uterine prostaglandin = decrease progesterone

• cervical dilation and uterine myometrial contractions

• nesting/hiding, restless, shivering, increased heart rate/respiratory rate

stage 2: delivery of puppies (variable)

uterine and abdominal contractions

• about 30 min to 1 hr of active straining = puppy

• about 15 min to 3 hrs between puppies

stage 3: delivery of placentas

• placenta passed after each puppy or after 2-3 pups

• count placentas and dont let the mom eat them

dystocia

1. stage 2 lasts >30 min without puppy delivery

2. >2hrs between delivery of puppies

3. mom shows signs of illness of distress

4. stage 1 or 2 never begins

5. prominent blood-tinged discharge

6. green tinged discharge without delivery

baby resuscitation

warmth + airway + breathing + circulation

what to do during baby resuscitation

1. break the amnion

2. suction nose and mouth with a bulb syringe (keep head and neck extended)

3. vigorously rub dry

4. monitor breathing, vocalization, moving, and heart beating

5. provide oxygen

6. keep them warm

normal body temp in adult dog

100-102.5 degrees F

neonate age and puppy temp increase:

and environmental temp decreases

one the puppies are stable (ABC) and active

1. ± tie off the umbilicus

2. dip the umbilicus in iodine

3. check for defects

4. ± collar

5. weigh - gram scale

6. warm

7. monitor nursing

8. by 10 days of age, puppies should double their birthweight

puppies while monitoring nursing

receive about 10% of their maternal antibodies transplacentally, and the rest by drinking colostrum