Bio 2252k Lecture Quiz 3

testis

• male gonad in scrotum where meiosis produces sperm cells by spermatogenesis

• leydig cells produce several male steroid sex hromones

seminiferous tubules

• organized into lobules

• lined w/germinal epithelium

• makes sperm by spermatogenesis

• as sperm cells for, they grow a “tail” called a flagellum

leydig cells

• found between seminiferous tubules

• secrete testosterone

cryptorchidism (“secret gonad”)

• failure of one or both testes to descent prior to birth (surgically corrected)

• results in male sterility in adults if not corrected

cremaster muscle

• thin layer of skeletal muscle that is enmeshed in spermatic cord + walls of scrotum

• contracts + relaxes based on temperature

  • contracts in cold

  • relaxes in warm

epididymis

• highly coiled tube

• serves as storage area for sperm

• sperm stays here for ~20 days

ductus deferens

• continuation of epididymis

• goes through inguinal canal + merges w/seminal vesicle duct to form ejaculatory duct + opens up to urethra

ejaculatory duct

passes through prostate gland + empties into urethra

semen forming accessory glands

• during copulation, semen is ejaculated into vagina

• 250-300 million sperm cells

• seminal vesicle

• prostate gland

• bulbourethral gland

seminal vesicle

• pH ~7.4 alkaline

• vaginal fluid pH ~4.5 acidic

• when semen + vaginal fluid is mixed, you get a pH ~7 neutral

prostate gland

• secretes milky white fluid + contains nutrients

• pH ~7.2 alkaline

• produces enzyme PSA (liquified semen)

bulbourethral gland

• secretes mucus like fluid

• helps neutralize acidity of residual urine in male urethra + lubricates it

penis

• reproductive + urinary system

• urethra drains urine

• flaccid (limp 3-4in) → erect (stiff 5-6in)

• corpus spongiosum surrounds urethra

• corpus cavernosum within shaft

erection

stimulate glans → vascular changes that occur that leads to it

glans

densely innervated w/fine touch receptors

erectile disfunction (impotence)

failure to get an erection

viagra

drug to treat impotence

emission

• continued stimulation to glans (5-7 minutes)

• stimulation contraction of smooth muscle in walls of epididymis, seminal vesicle, prostate gland, + bulbourethral gland

• semen forms in urethra

ejaculation

• forceful expulsion of semen from urethal orifice

• stimulates contraction of skeletal tissue around urethra (5-10 contractions)

• basis for withdraw (pull out method)

  • bad idea + leads to teen pregnancy

orgasm

• group of physiological changes that occur w/ejaculation (10-15 seconds)

• increase BP, HR, + breathing rate

gonadotrpoins

• secreted by anterior pituitary gland, beginning at puberty (10-12)

  • FSH

  • LH

FSH

stimulates spermatogenesis in small intestine

LH

stimulates leydig cells to secrete testosterone

testosterone

• secreted by leydig cells at puberty

• steroid hormone

• prior to puberty, testes are mostly dormaant

testosterone effects

• stimulate hair growth (face, chest, pubic, + pits)

• increase size or larynx + thicken vocal cords/lowers voice

• increase red blood cell production

• increase synthesis of contractile proteins in skeletal muscle

• increase activity of oil/sebaceous glands in skin which leads to acne

• increase sex drive

• increase basal metabolic rate (“idle” speed of cells)

anabolic steroids (growth promoting)

• synthetic version of testosterone

• illegal use by athletes will result in more skeletal muscle bule, greater strength, + greater endurance

• addictive

vasectomy (male sterilization)

• small incision in sacral sac + a section is cut out of each ductus deferens

• performed by urologist or plastic surgeon under local anesthetic

• extremely effective form of birth control

• rate of reversal is 40-50%

gynocology

• female reproductive tract

• obstetrician - pregnancy, child birth, + neonatal

ovary

• female gonad

• oogenesis

  • N egg cells

  • begin in fetal ovaries

• ovarian follicle

menoause

• when born, females are born with all the eggs they will ever produce

• average age is 52

• overtime, females lose eggs

uterine/fallopian tube

• site of fertilization

• fimbriae are lined w/ciliated cells

tubal ligation

• female tube tied (sterilization)

• not always reversible

• costs $1,500

uterus (womb)

• carries kid through pregnancy

• three sections

  • fundus

  • body

  • cervix - thick w/smooth muscle

uterine wall

• perimetrium (outer)

• myometrium (middle) - thick muscle layer

• endometrium (inner) - inner lining of uterus

endometrium

1. stratum basale

2. stratum functionalis

stratum basale

• not shed during period (mensis)

• stem cells stimulated by estrogen to divide by mitosis + grow stratum functionalis

stratum functionalis

• functional layer

• on top of stratum basale, facing lumen

• shed during mensis + thickens endometrium

vagina

• vaginal fluids have pH pf ~4.5

• three functions

  • organ of copulation

  • carry menstural discharge

  • acts as birth canal

vulva

external genitalia

mons pubis

• rounded fatty eminence, overlying pubic symphysis

• covered w/pubic hair

labia majora

big/outer lips

labia minora

• small/inner lips

• hair free

vestibule

open space within labia minora

clitoris

• part of vulva

• function is sensory

mammary glands

• breast - mound of fat

• nipple (teat)

• areola

nipple

ducts from milk producing gland opens to it

lactation

• production of milk by breast

• prolactin

• oxytocin

prolactin (PRL)

peptide hormone secreted by anterior pituitary to produce milk

oxytocin (OXT)

secreted by posterior pituitary + contracts myoepithelial cells to squeeze milk out of glands + move it down ducts

amennohea

• mothers that breast feed generally do not have menstrual cycles

• can last for years