6 marks China 1900-89 history paper 2 IGCSE

1.     Explain TWO ways in which opposition to the government in 1911 was similar to opposition to the government in China in 1934. [6]

-        Desire/driven by for ideological/political change; xinhai revolution result of revolutionary ideas and desire to change political systems, in 1934, CCP also wanted to have new (communist system in china),

Military conflicts: revolution form of military uprising—wuchang/(wuhan?)uprise bomb and mutinies, 1934 conflicts between GMD and CCP were military and use of tactics in warfare

1.     Explain TWO ways in which the way Mao dealt with political opposition was similar to the way Deng dealt with political opposition. [6]

1.     Explain TWO ways in which the treatment of party members in the Cultural Revolution was similar to the treatment of party members in the anti-Rightist campaigns of the 1960s. [6]

-        removal of opposing members: in ARC, sent to reeducation camps up to 20 yrs and forced to confess, Peng dehuai denounced and stripped of opposition as defence minister, CR: denouncement, imprisonment, etc for religious groups

Encouraged by Mao only to be punished?: red guards initially encouraged by mao to rebel, and rid of four olds, but became too violent and Mao called for military action, moved to countryside/campaign. CR: encouraged criticism/expression of concerns or advice, but Mao backlashes; labels the intellectuals as ‘poisonous weeds’ and punished

1.     Explain TWO ways in which foreign influence in China in the Qing Dynasty was similar to foreign influence in China in the period 1979-89. [6]

-        No vote/say in the rule: warlords took + consolidated power for themselves, Qing dynasty: Mandate of Heaven—chosen by gods/can’t disagree or oppose their rule or choose.

-        Political instability and power struggles: end of Qing dynasty 1900-11, boxer rebellion, attempts at reforms, foreign occupation Beijing, and ultimately revolution, similar to constant fighting between warlords, fragmented control; each region had warlords which chose/controlled own systems of taxes, legal, financial systems

1.     Explain TWO ways in which the way China was ruled by the Qin dynasty in the years 1900-11 was similar to the way it was ruled in the warlord era (1916-27). [6]

-        No vote/say in the rule: warlords took + consolidated power for themselves, Qing dynasty: Mandate of Heaven—chosen by gods/can’t disagree or oppose their rule or choose.

Political instability and power struggles: end of Qing dynasty 1900-11, boxer rebellion, attempts at reforms, foreign occupation Beijing, and ultimately revolution, similar to constant fighting between warlords, fragmented control; each region had warlords which chose/controlled own systems of taxes, legal, financial systems

1.     Explain TWO ways in which the way China was governed before 1911 was different from the way China was governed after 1911. [6]

-         

-        Political instability: though towards end of Qing rule a lot more instability, throughout most dynasties had more stable, opposition was less as Chinese culture/ ideas no opposing the Mandate of Heaven more control over people, while after had a lot more turmoil between warlords and CCP, people were more influencial—became important to have support of people

 

Confucianist in nature vs nationalist in nature (sun yat sen)—control and way control,another way in which China was governed differently before and after 1911 was the democratisation of governmental authority. Under the Qin Dynasty before 1911, the Manchu leaders led with a Mandate of Heaven and subjugated the majority of the population, the Han people to their rule. However, after 1911, Sun Yat Sen’s nationalist government looked to unify the Chinese people through the ‘three principles’ of democracy, nationalism and livelihood, establishing a more representative government on behalf of the people.

1.     Explain TWO ways in which the way China was ruled in 1926 was different to how it was ruled in 1900. [6]

-        In 1926, rule was regional—each warlord power over one area, own legal and financial system, while in Qing rule one person had control over the entirety of china. During problems like floods and droughts there was no organised gov to relieve the situation

Opposition/actions: all of the emperor’s actions seen as within the natural laws through the Mandate of Heaven, so there was less backlash and retaliation compared to warlord era, where more and more peasants turned to revolutionary ideas from their treatment

1.     Explain TWO ways in which the position of the Chinese Communist party in 1926 was different from the position of the Chinese Communist party in 1935. [6]

 

-        Enemies: in 1926 CCP and GMD were working together in the first united front, against the warlords, but in 1935 (end of long march) was clear that GMD were set on destroying the CCP, but also Japanese invaded Manchuria in 1931

-        Strength: in 1926 CKS control/declared legitimate gov of china —eastern china, UF central control—no specific area. Whereas in 1935–end of long march, had lost 70-90k and arrived in Yan an and established as Yan an soviet and all organised there?

1.     Explain TWO ways in which the position of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921 was different from its position in 1945. [6]

-        strength: 1921 during warlord era, CCP founded, only had 50 members, while in 45 had 1.2 million (after Japanese war)—principles red army, guerrilla tactics support/successes

-        Ideology: founded based on Marxist ideas surrounding the proletariat, but as CCP grew and progressed by 1945 established focus/importance of peasants for communism in china instead

1.     Explain TWO ways in which the position of the Chinese Communist party in 1926 was different from the position of The Chinese Communist party in 1949. [6]

-        Control over china: in 1926 CKS control/declared legitimate gov of china —eastern china, while CCP had little control and had to work with the GMD , 1949: won civil war and established PRC, and communist had full control

Support/legitimacy; in 1926 had some support membership, but after civil war treated peasants well and this gained support; six principles of red army alongside the promise of land reforms. Not recognised in 1926, instead was GMD, but in 1949 official gov of PRC—after Japanese war grew 1.2 mil<

1.     Explain TWO ways in which government attitudes towards education under Mao were different from government attitudes towards education under Deng. [6]

1.     Explain TWO ways in which Chinese industry during the first Five-year Plan (1952-57) was different from Chinese industry under Deng. [6]

1.     Explain TWO ways in which Chinese agriculture in 1949 was different from Chinese agriculture in 1960. [6]

-        Ownership of land: in 1949 the land was owned by landlords, and peasants worked on those lands to produce crops to sell and for their families to eat, whereas in 1960, after agrarian reform law, collectivisation during Great Leap Forward, the land was all under the state/no private ownership

Organisation: in 1949 peasants each worked on their own farms and sold crops for a profit, and could use to feed family, but after collectivisation and communes, the peasants shared resources between collectives (2000-3000) households and all the produced grain/crops were sent to factories.production/sold, so they didn’t receive profits and were given food from gov/centrally managed

1.     Explain TWO ways in which the organisation of agriculture in China under Mao was different from the organisation of agriculture under Deng. [6]

1.     Explain TWO ways in which the role of women in China in 1949 was different from the role of women in China in 1963. [6]

-        Social role: 1949 few changes from/since 1900, where women were only valued for the marriage payment, after 1950s marriage laws, higher literacy levels, dowry payment, minimum age of marriage raised to 18, rights to divorce, banned concubines, rights to own property

-        Role in the workforce, Political: Mao encouraged participation of women after 1950, minister of health/minister of justice=women, participation increased, workforce went from 8-29% women in 1960s, moved towards textiles industry

a)     Opposition to the government in 1900 and 1911

-        Outburst against Qing dynasty and modernisation: revolution wanted to overthrow and though boxers wanted to preserve traditions/fight back against foreign influences, people in 1900 still called for modernisation and reforms, which the lack thereof also led to revolution 1911

—more of a difference

Another difference: nature of opposition, boxers—group ‘grassroots’ coming from peasantry, while revolution was a collection of diff groups (coalition) More organised, with intellectuals, military officials, etc

a)     Northern Expedition and the War with Japan (1937-1945)

Similarities:

-        Unification of GMD and CCP — formed united fronts to defeat common enemy,

-        Growth of CCP? Both CCP involvement with northern expedition —treatment of peasants buying food and respecting, and war w japan (40k-1.2m) led to growth in membership and development of new tactics and successful leadership.

Differences:

-        Nature of conflict: foreign invasion  compared to internal struggle to establish centralised government

-        Scale of aggression: Japanese much more aggressive, military conflict, while northern expedition

a)     Chinese economy in 1949 and 1962

Similarities: centralised planning

 And relied on peasants/production of raw mats?

Differences:

-        Arrangement/system: Like still  less changed from dynasty?—with peasants and landlords Compared to communist/modern, with centralised production, collectives, Great Leap Forward, first 5 year plan, agrarian reform law

 Extent of success, 1949/50 agrarian reform law, successful, 5 year plan, while the Great Leap Forward in 1958-62 was a failure overall,

a)     Government of China in 1946 and 1949

Similarities:

 

-        Authoritarian in nature (GMD repression / CCP one party state)— one [arty/group control over entire country

 

Differences:

-        Leadership: after CCP victory became PRC, before led by CKS and GMD, republican system//communist system —Mao

-         Ideologies—nationalist shift to communist—land reforms, ARL, (F5YP, GLF, Collectivisation later)

 

a)     Governance of China in 1900 and 1934

 

Similarities:

-        Peasants treatment: during extermination campaigns, over 1 million peasants killed [through burning villages, killing inhabitants, seizing crops], not valued by GMD or the dynasty,

-        Foreign influences: boxer uprising led to western officials placed around Beijing, and more foreign control overall, GMD influences by west—funded by USA

-         

-        Treatment of enemies; similar methods; boxers attacked killed, burned churches, and then held British legation under siege for 55 days, GMD blockaded the CCPburned down villages?, cut off supplies??

 

Differences:

Opposition: in 1900 main opposition was foreigners and their control in china, while the 1934 GMD focused on removing CCP — an internal threat

a)     Level of economic control under Mao and under Deng

a)     Foreign influence in China in 1900 and 1989

a)     Role of women in China in 1900 and 1950

-        Social role: 1949 few changes from/since 1900, where women were only valued for the marriage payment, after 1950s marriage laws, higher literacy levels, dowry payment, minimum age of marriage raised to 18, rights to divorce, banned concubines, rights to own property

Role in the workforce, Political: Mao encouraged participation of women after 1950, minister of health/minister of justice=women, participation increased, workforce went from 8-29% women in 1960s, moved towards textiles industry

a)     Relationship with the Soviet Union in 1923 and 1962

-        Support: Soviets in 1923 viewed CCP as too small (founded in 1921) and china as not ready for Marxist revolution as there was little proletariat, mainly peasants, but also Allied with GMD. Did advise CCP to join forces w GMD to rid of warlords or the other way idek

-        Communist influence. Both 1923 and 62 worked under soviet advisers, but idk if this question is asking after the split cuz that’s a whole other situation

Differences;

-        By 1962 basically split so less relations with china, more hostility and disagreements, saw each other as revisionists, china bigger threat, disagreements over nuclear technology and ideologies

international relations: 1923 relation with Soviet Union, CCP funded $5K/(year?), while by 1962 Mao sought independence from soviets, also ideas different, didn’t want to align with soviet views of communism.

a)     Position of GMD in 1924 and 1946

Differences:

-        Alliances/opposition: 1924 working in united front with CCP, against warlords

-        Support: lost support during Japanese invasion, CKS initially allowed Japanese occupation of Manchuria as thought CCP bigger threat, finally declared war from pressure warlords to fight back and people angry at invasion , in 1946 valued businessmen over peasants compared to CCP, start of civil war

Similarities:

-        Still main/legitimate power in china, CKS control over eastern china and united front central—so still part there, civil war, start/japanese end: GMD control over major cities and recognised by west

Aims: throughout united front and civil war consistently aimed to removed communists,

a)     Position of GMD in 1924 and 1946

Differences:

-        Alliances/opposition: 1924 working in united front with CCP, against warlords

-        Support: lost support during Japanese invasion, CKS initially allowed Japanese occupation of Manchuria as thought CCP bigger threat, finally declared war from pressure warlords to fight back and people angry at invasion , in 1946 valued businessmen over peasants compared to CCP, start of civil war

Similarities:

-        Still main/legitimate power in china, CKS control over eastern china and united front central—so still part there, civil war, start/japanese end: GMD control over major cities and recognised by west

-        Aims: throughout united front and civil war consistently aimed to removed communists,